life expectancy in wealthy countries

Mariotto AB, Zou Z, Johnson CJ, Scoppa S, Weir HK, Huang B. Geographical, racial and socio-economic variation in life expectancy in the US and their impact on cancer relative survival. CAS The literacy rate in the country improved from 27% in 1994 to 49% in 2015 [28], and the gross enrolment ratio (GER) has been increasing and was 100.12% in 2017 [29]. Because the spread of potential drivers of population health outcomes in each country was so broad, a systematic review of the literature on each driver in each country was not feasible. Americas Richest and Poorest States. In 2015, Ethiopia met the Millennium Development Goal 7c target on access to drinking water supply [51]. While these studies noted the importance of transport infrastructure, gender equity and education, their focus was primarily on the role of health services. WebRounding out 2023's top 10 countries with the longest life expectancy is another Asian country, South Korea, where men live an average of 80.83 years and women live an average of 87.23 years, for a combined life expectancy of 84.14 years. The weak welfare provisions in the United States are implicated in its poor population health performance. Kebeles share a health centre that services 25,00040,000 people and coordinates the health posts [41]. Increases in per capita income occur mainly as a result of more wealth being accumulated in the top percentile of society which already enjoys high living standards and longevity, and as such the real effect on the countrys life expectancy would be negligible [3]. More unequal societies have worse health, and other social outcomes [101]. We performed a comprehensive literature search of electronic databases Google Scholar, PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL and Web of Sciences, from 1997 (to constrain the search to recent factors that may explain current PAW or PBW performance) to December 2019. Although 99.3% of the population in the US used at least basic drinking water services in 2017 [114], the statistics among minority and low-income populations are lower (e.g. countries of countries by life expectancy In 2018 Ethiopia punched above its economic weight by 3.03years. Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Low & middle income Breastfeeding duration increased from 2.5months in the 1970s to 14months in 2006; and exclusive breastfeeding in children under 6months increased from 3.6% in 1986 to 37.1% in 2006 [85]. Embracing womens wellness through dedicated. 2018;23:191528. Acemoglu D, Robinson JA: Why nations fail: the origins of power, prosperity, and poverty. However, there were still challenges: queues could be long, and only 15% of people received 20l of water per day per capita. 2014;92:99107A. Sanders D, Nandi S, Labonte R, Vance C, Van Damme W. From primary health care to universal health coverage-one step forward and two steps back. Jim Crow laws were a legalised form of racial discrimination and segregation and were similar to the apartheid regime in South Africa [129]. We use the term punching above their weight (PAW) [6] to describe those countries that achieve better population health outcomes and subsequently better life expectancy than would be anticipated from their wealth. 2011;13:469. Lancet. sanitation, housing, education) [5]. 2009;30:11740. The Health Development Army comprises over 3 million volunteers (predominantly women) who engage in multi-purpose health promotion activities including community empowerment and disease prevention [49]. The 2013 Mais Mdicos programme (More Doctors Programme), further expanded access to health care, encouraging doctors, including foreign doctors, to go to underserved remote areas [82]. Thomson K, Hillier-Brown F, Todd A, McNamara C, Huijts T, Bambra C. The effects of public health policies on health inequalities in high-income countries: an umbrella review. France and Germany) or a national health system (where health care is funded by the government based on general taxation e.g. Reference lists of obtained sources were also checked for relevant literature. Soc Sci Med. A quarter of the lower house in the United States is made up of women, reflecting inequitable participation of women in high level political decision making. [https://www.afro.who.int/news/ethiopia-meets-mdg-target-safe-water-supply]. Public Health Nutr. Health inequalities in Ethiopia: modeling inequalities in length of life within and between population groups. 2012;19:75666. 2017;390:142359. Health, Wealth and Education: Is There J Afr Econ. Schultz TP. OECD. J Epidemiol Community Health. The United States is also being held to a higher standard as a wealthier country than Ethiopia and Brazil in our determinations. Melbourne: Oxford University Press; 2016. Health care financing in Ethiopia: implications on access to essential medicines. Discovering which conditions or policies contribute to this outcome is critical to improving population health globally. Google Scholar. Google Scholar. Eur J Clin Investig. You see, America experienced a bigger decline in life expectancy when Covid struck than any other wealthy country. Among them, 17 countries outranked the Currency; 2012. 2. 2019;394:34556. There is one important detail not readily apparent in the above two charts - the definition of a developed country. Punching above or below weight status was calculated using life expectancy at birth and gross domestic product per capita for 20142018. Final draft. 6. This complex multifaceted set of long-term processes presents a challenge to research seeking to understand how to improve national population health outcomes. For example, in Ethiopia, neoliberal approaches to public policy are encroaching, as demonstrated by recently approved legislation enabling the privatization of public services [55, 134]. Southgate Institute for Health, Society, and Equity, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia, Toby Freeman,Connie Musolino&Fran Baum, Department of Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia, Department of Epidemiology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia, Institute of Population Health Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK, Pediatrics Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil, Division of Health Research, Lancaster University, Lancashire, UK, School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa, Departments of Health Policy and Management and Community Health Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA, You can also search for this author in World Bank data show that in 1982, life expectancy in low-income countries was about 66% of that in high-income countries. Paris: OECD; 2014. It is also important to note that these dynamics and specific determinants will change over time. Crit Public Health. While the relationship between obesity/alcohol/smoking and average life expectancy in the developed world is not particularly strong at the moment (r= -0.37, -0.40 and -0.42, respectively), it is statistically significant and increases over time. N Engl J Med. In municipalities with ESF coverage between 60 and 80%, this increased to 1.8 times greater inequalities; and in municipalities with less than 60% ESF coverage, this increased to 2.6 times greater inequalities [69]. PolicyNational Nutritition Program (NNNP) of Ethiopia. Economic growth has the biggest impact if it is used to finance suitable social services, such as the public provision of clean drinking water, sanitation, health care, epidemiological protection and basic education. [1] Meanwhile, fighting obesity and smoking two increasingly pressing issues in the developed world could add more healthy years to life expectancy averages in todays rich countries. de Andrade LO, Pellegrini Filho A, Solar O, Rigoli F, de Salazar LM, Serrate PC, Ribeiro KG, Koller TS, Cruz FN, Atun R. Social determinants of health, universal health coverage, and sustainable development: case studies from Latin American countries. Climate change is emerging as a critical determinant of population health that will affect countries differentially, and will affect populations within countries differently, likely in ways that exacerbate existing inequities [148]. Prevalence of overweight and obesity is increasing in Brazil, linked to increased consumption of ultra-processed foods [87]. At just 66.6 years South Promenade in Blackpool has the lowest life expectancy for men in England. It is not the aggregate growth in income, however, that matters most, but the reduction in poverty. This Network comprised of academic experts, policy makers, and civil society actors. To ensure our analysis focused on appropriate possible drivers of countries punching above or below weight, across low, middle, and high-income countries, we used an expert opinion study. GDP per capita and GDP (current US$) [https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD]. 2010;19:iii1280. Framework for investigating why some countries punch above or below their economic weight in terms of life expectancy (adapted from Baum et al. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. There were instances where timelines of available data differed slightly between countries, e.g. The relationship between income and life expectancy has been demonstrated by a number of statistical studies. The network was set up in 2017 to examine the central question of: why do some countries have better or worse life expectancy than would be expected relative to their gross domestic product (GDP)? The social security and affordable housing initiatives in Brazil and Ethiopia are likely to play an important role in the life expectancy gains experienced by these two countries in the recent past. Disease prevention policies (especially in terms of alcohol and tobacco control) are less extensive in the United States compared to Europe [112]. Escuder MML, Venancio SI, Pereira JCR. The number of health posts and health centres has increased from 76 and 412 in the early 1990s to 1600 and 3500 in 2015 respectively [42, 43]. Preston [3] found that there was a cross-sectional logarithmic curve relationship between national income per capita and life expectancy, such that life expectancy rapidly increases with national income at first, until it begins to taper off, with higher income countries receiving diminishing returns for increases in national income. Brazil Minstry of Health; 2013. 57. Together, these programs have improved the quality, equity and accessibility of health services and contributed to higher life expectancy [36, 38]. Edward W. Household wealth trends in the United States, 1962 to 2016: has middle class wealth recovered? Ethiopia has been ruled by monarchic (before 1970s) and autocratic (up to 1990) governments. Callaghan T, Washburn DJ, Nimmons K, Duchicela D, Gurram A, Burdine J. Ibrhim MA, Demissie M, Medhanyie AA, Worku A, Berhane Y. 2018;13:e0201034. sanitation, public health regulation), 5) the health system, and 6) civil society organisation and political participation. National Food and Nutrition Policy. A globally diverse membership was sought, including members from low, middle, and high-income countries. Among them, 17 countries outranked the United States for more than 50 years. 2023 Euromonitor is privately owned & trademarked. Furthermore, the HEWs have contributed to improving sanitation coverage, treating respiratory tract infections and diarrhoeal diseases [47], the major causes of years of life lost in the 1990s in Ethiopia [48]. After 2000 Brazil had more substantial but still modest economic growth [70]. > Life expectancy: 79.0 years (state: 77.3 years) > Pop. WebGlobally, life expectancy has increased by more than 6 years between 2000 and 2019 from 66.8 years in 2000 to 73.4 years in 2019. life Web77.0 (total) Life Expectancy at birth: Total 71.9 - 75.3 75.4 - 76.8 76.9 - 78.0 78.1 - 80.7 (The following data table describes the currently displayed map) U.S. Total Life Expectancy at Birth by State for 2020 Suggested citation: Tejada-Vera B, Salant B, Arias E, US life expectancy by state and sex for 2020. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatsitca. wealthy Generally, wealthier countries have a higher average life expectancy than poorer countries [2,3,4], which can be argued to be achieved through higher standards of The United States of America is a notable case of a high-income country that has life expectancy lower than would be expected given its high gross domestic product (2.87years). We then undertook a narrative synthesis of these three sources - quantitative indicators, expert opinion, and existing literature and data on the context, history, and policies- for each country [13] to identify possible driving factors of population health performance relative to GDP. Effectiveness and sustainability of a diagonal investment approach to strengthen the primary health-care system in Ethiopia. Experts were invited through the networks of the two key conveners who were both members of the Peoples Health Movement, a global civil society group that focused on health equity. HIV incidence and AIDS related deaths have declined by over 80% since 1990s [21]. Teo C. The partnership between the Brazilian school feeding program and family farming: a way for reducing ultra-processed foods in school meals. Looking at developed and emerging economies separately reveals that not only GDP/life expectancy correlation is a lot stronger in emerging countries, but also certain other indicators are a lot more important for developing nations. Labont R. The austerity agenda: how did we get here and where do we go next? Ethiopia has introduced a subsidized and government loan-based housing program called Condominium, providing accommodation for low- and middle-income people who are able to pay the total cost over 20years [64]. Brazils family health strategy--delivering community-based primary care in a universal health system. Of the 32 countries with life expectancy of more than 80 years, majority are in Europe. Small business grew swiftly, the media gained credibility slowly, and professional associations were again established, albeit gradually. FDRE/MoE. NHS at 75: The parts of England with the highest and lowest life The State of The Nations (United States) housing 2016housing challenges. Country Life Expectancy (both sexes) Females Life Expectancy Males Life Life expectancy is highest in most of the worlds wealthiest countries. The dataset supporting the conclusions of this article is available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN for life expectancy, and https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD for gross domestic product. At one point or another along the study time frame, 56 countries achieved higher life expectancy than the United States. Ethiopia is one of a handful of African countries that has shown life expectancy gains since 2000 despite the country having a low per capita GDP [16]. Gould LH, Sun E, Germain P, Gallego A, Adams L, Huynh M, Van Wye G, Gwynn RC, Barbot O. Surveillance to monitor the impact of the trump administration on the health of New York City residents. How do countries compare when it comes to life 2015;74:5876. One of the biggest outliers among developed countries was the US high per capita GDP but rather low life expectancy. Introduction Life expectancy is a key summary measure of the health and wellbeing of a population. Answers to the question of why some countries punch above or below weight are still partial, and this is the gap the research reported here sought to address. Livi-Bacci, M, A Concise History of World Population, (MA: Blackwell Publishers, 2001) 82-109. Note: In the article income refers to disposable income per capita, and is used interchangeably with GDP per capita. Our consulting team answers your commercial questions with data and insights generated by our research experts, industry knowledge and 1,200 on-the-ground analysts in 100 developed, emerging and frontier markets. Life Expectancy School enrollment, primary, female (% gross) - Ethiopia, Brazil, United States [https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.PRM.ENRR.FE?locations=ET-BR-US]. Res Soc Stratification Mobility. Meanwhile, in todays developed countries, the negative side effects of income growth namely its detrimental impact on health after personal affluence reaches a certain level can partially outweigh wealth-facilitated improvements. Higher income also implies better access to housing, education, health services and other items which tend to lead to improved health, lower rates of mortality and higher life expectancy. Woldemichael A, Takian A, Akbari Sari A, Olyaeemanesh A. Inequalities in healthcare resources and outcomes threatening sustainable health development in Ethiopia: panel data analysis. Pan Afr Med J. The Equality of Opportunity Project London: School of Hygeine and Tropical Medicine; 2011. In: England K, Ward K, editors. At 77.9 years, we are tied with South Korea and Denmark for 29th 31st place, despite being the second wealthiest country on the planet (measured by per capita GDP). Japan has the highest life expectancy at birth - 85 years. The 10-year study, conducted UNESCO. McMichael AJ. The United States spends the most in the world on health care - in absolute terms, per head of population and as a proportion of national income (around 18% of United States GDP), but it does not have universal health coverage [116] and a large proportion of the high expenditure is spent on funding and regulating a health care market rather than patient care [100]. Medicaid waivers: public health consequences under the trump administration. For instance, while the United States has the largest spending of any country included in the dataset, its average life expectancy of 77 years is lower than many other countries that spend far less per capita. 2013;47:12058. DS made a central contribution to the establishment of the network, and this paper before he died suddenly on 30th August 2019. Figure3 shows the number of years Ethiopia, Brazil, and the United States punched above or below weight from 2014 to 2018 and their performance each year. Women in the United States also have weak economic participation compared to women in other OECD countries [103]. Following the empirical work of Preston (1975), who plotted life expectancy against income per capita for a cross section of countries for the 1900s, 1930s and the 1960s and found that the relationship held for each of the three decades. Hailu Z. Since then, Ethiopia has enjoyed relative peace, and increasing access to and equity in key social determinants such as education and primary health care [23]. Higher Income Does Not Always Lead to Higher Life Expectancy The authors declare that they have no competing interests. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. The United States main exports depend on refined petroleum and cars, planes, helicopters, and spacecraft. Hence, in emerging economies in particular, it is not growth in aggregate incomes that matters but a reduction in poverty. The review highlighted potential structural determinants driving differential performance in population health outcomes cross-nationally. 2017;390:1084150. Spending growth in 2023 will, however, be sluggish, as, Every year, Euromonitor International identifies emerging and fast-moving trends that are expected to gain traction in the year ahead. A number of other outliers also exist. Looking at social determinants of health in the U.S. and Torrent DJ, Maness MR, Capps TC, Sears SF, Whited AL, Yamaguchi DJ, Parker FM, Stoner MC. Sickle Cell Disease Life Expectancy
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