Jongkamonwiwat N, Noisa P. Biomedical and clinical promises of human pluripotent stem cells for neurological disorders. Despite the four categories and disagreements, most of the jurists banned human cloning. Vanity Fair. Some experts expressed that its therapeutic advantages may not be enough to outweigh its disadvantages. Cummings BJ, Uchida N, Tamaki SJ, Salazar DL, Hooshmand M, Summers R, Gage FH, Anderson AJ. The effect of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells on changes of serum levels of TNF- and locomotor function after spinal cord injury in mice. . Therapeutic cloning research, when supported and encouraged could open up a number of potentials for medical science. Are there any rules considered in the related laws to take legal actions against the operators and users of the technology? Mehrabani D, MojtahedJaberi F, Zakerinia M, Hadianfard MJ, Jalli R, Tanideh N, Zare S. The healing effect of bone marrow-derived stem cells in knee osteoarthritis: a case report. Tissue rejection is no longer a threat. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Write CSS OR LESS and hit save. Therapeutic Cloning Pros and Cons List | NYLN.org The site is secure. In regard to consent of the cloned child, the consent and permission of the donor of oocyte, the pregnant mother and even the donor of the somatic cell are also considered and it is an issue which can be harassed and abused.45, With a review on the mentioned principles, we conclude that the researches on reproductive cloning should include the following six features: (i) Be advantageous to society and impossible for any other methods, (ii) Previously operated on animals, (iii) Operated in a manner that all types of unnecessary physical and mental pains are prevented, (iv) If death or deficiency of the clone is probable, the operation is prevented, (v) Actions taken to protect the individual against damages, deficiency or death, and (vi) The experiments should be stopped if the responsible researcher believes at any phase of the research, continuation of the researches may result in damage, deficiency or death of the tested individual.42, Bioethical Analysis of Therapeutic Cloning, The subject is more complicated about the therapeutic cloning. The objective of this type of cloning is not the production of a cloned human but the culture of cells is used in human researches and for treatment purposes in regenerative medicine. But, the third stage is the extraction of the hidden cell mass in the embryo for culturing and obtaining stem cells. Saremi A, Yoosefian SH. Let us take a look . Honey bees propagate by cloning as the queen bee mates once during her life and the eggs propagate in the queen up to thousands of eggs that are further hatched into bees.1 Although Joshua Lederberg advocated cloning and genetic engineering as a subject of speculation in 20th century, scientists and several authorities started to take the prospect seriously in the mid-1960s.2 James D. Watson was the person who publicized the potential and the perils of cloning in 1971.3 With the cloning of a sheep by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) called Dolly, the idea of cloning of human has become a hot debate subject.4 Advanced Cell Technology in November 1998 by using SCNT created the first hybrid human clone. Retrieved 27 December 2015. has brought a lot of problems for the individuals and they are not recommended unless required. and transmitted securely. It would reduce the possibilities of an organ being rejected during transplantation. Ahmadi N, Moavi R, Moavi R, Goudarzi M, Rezaei S. Cloning, an interference or a new science 2nd congress on review of Islamic regulations in medicine. #cloning Therapeutic cloning: advantages/pros vs. disadvantages/consCheck out our website for the video transcript and additional resources for further reading: https://bloomingcuriosity1.wixsite.com/website-2Cloning: https://youtu.be/5dKxI8MCsLEApplications and Drawbacks of Cloning: https://youtu.be/T2DGiRF1GhkThank you for watching and if you have any suggestions for the upcoming videos, please feel free to comment them down below!Please like, share, and subscribe to my channel if you liked the video! According to reports by Professor Hassan Javaheri, there is no problem on cloning happening in nature, but it is not legal to be undertaken at large scale. Accessibility 1. In order to form a viable opinion on the subject, it is necessary to learn more about the pros and cons of the research that is going on in this particular field of medicine. There are those though who support the use of therapeutic cloning as long as its use is strictly limited to treating diseases. Kofi Annan: Importance of Youth Leadership, Youth Leadership in Community Development, Taking Youth Leadership to the Next Level, How We Are Helping Chinese Disabled Youth, Front Loading Washing Machines Pros and Cons List, Flat Organisational Structure Pros and Cons List, 35 Good Songs For 50th Birthday Slideshow, 22 Good Songs for 18th Birthday Slideshow, 57 Good Parents Entrance Songs for Wedding Reception, 42 Good Songs for 70th Birthday Slideshow, 27 Good Quinceanera Songs For Father And Daughter In Spanish, 39 Good Mother Daughter Dance Songs For Quinceanera. 9 Pros and Cons of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, 26 Perfect Mother Daughter Dance Songs For Quinceanera, 40 Best Songs for 50th Wedding Anniversary Slideshow, 22 Best Songs for 60th Birthday Slideshow, Gabriel Iglesias Last Comic Standing Controversy. Supporters agree with the laws which put therapeutic cloning operation in the certain framework and by controlling the process of cloning operation prevent from any abuse and violation from the related regulations. June 18, 1999. Nov 11 1997; Retrieved 2008-02-27. An example of ethical issues associated with cloning includes producing identical human beings in the lab. The use of powder milk for breast milk, Caesarian operation for natural delivery, etc. Kfoury C. Therapeutic cloning: Promises and issues. Experimental Genetics and Human Evolution. These cells are very important for biomechanics researchers because they can be used to produce any types of cells of human body. Therefore, we can conclude that the right method is guiding and controlling the cloning technology and banning the technique is not always fruitful. Of course, this initial point is the time when we know that if the operation begins and due to loss of control, the opportunity of abuse in the situation is available and the development of human embryo becomes inevitable.48, If human cloning, either as primary or secondary, is a prohibited operation, the operation as the starting point of prohibition will be prevented. In brief, he is an individual with no relativity. Weiss R. Mature Human Embryos Created From Adult Skin Cells. If yes, to what extent are they expressive and comprehensive and if not, what should be done against the practice and the perpetrators? During 1940-1950, scientists could clone embryos in mammals. 3. In order to cure disease, millions of eggs are needed. Who does the cloned individual inherits? This challenge is stated by some of the Sunni scholars. One of the major issues of today's modern medicine is therapeutically cloning. 7 Therapeutic cloning Transplanting stem cells Adult stem cell transplants could use a patient's own stem cells or be from a donor. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. A nucleus was taken from a mans leg cell and was introduced into a cows egg while its nucleus was removed. Implications and limitations of cellular reprogramming for psychiatric drug development. In 2003, the first cloned mule was produced by the American scientist. This egg cell is never fertilized by sperm, and the genetic material . They cannot refuse handling of the case and issuing the ruling under the pretext of silence or deficiency or brevity or conflict of laws. 3. 35 Regarding reproductive cloning, there are concerns that cloning is not yet highly developed to confirm the safety of the technology, and could be prone to abuse and concerns about how cloned individuals could integrate . VF News. Of course, it is noteworthy that the principle encounters a basic challenge in the area of cloning; because basically, the possibility of reciprocity between the cloned individual and the researcher who reproduces it, is negated; that is, they both are not on equal terms providing reciprocity for both, but the cloned individual unintentionally becomes the objective of the research and the outcome is his different presence in the world of existence.42, Violating the Principle of Informed Consent in Cloning, One of the main principles of bioethics is the principle of consent. The ultimate goal of therapeutic cloning would be to create new organs from the existing cell tissues of a medical patient. Work on cloning techniques has advanced our knowledge ondevelopmental biology, especially early human development. Furthermore, the paper gives a discussion of the ethical issues associated with Therapeutic cloning. The leading edge of stem cell therapeutics. 1. The cons or disadvantages of human cloning raise moral, ethical and safety issues: Reproductive cloning: The negatives of human cloning including the making of designer babies. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies From a better understanding of birth defects to viable treatments for cancer, medical cloning offers researchers the chance to dig in at the genetic and cellular levels so that human health can be better understood. At this stage, organs are not differentiated yet. There are various interpretations of humanity end-in-itself: not to do anything about a human without his knowledge; respect his freedom, will and independency; help his happiness; and respect others humanity. Considering human cloning, it is believed that the only type of cloning that may eliminate these harmful effects can be therapeutic cloning. Mablaghi A. Juristic analysis of therapeutic cloning. Imagine if cells could be directly implanted into an organ and that would allow a degenerating organ to fix itself? This will not only prolong lives and ensure treatment success but also help patients and states save millions of dollars every year for treatments that would no longer be needed. The nature of human and other living things is based on marriage tradition and the Holy Quran frequently emphasized on the creation of human based on the marriage tradition, but cloning is independent of either one of the couples. Mehrabani D, Mehrabani G, Zare S, Manafi A. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC) and aesthetic medicine: a mini review. This calf was born with the weight of 70 kg by Caesarian operation in Foka Animal Breeding Complex affiliated to Social Security Organization after the 280-day pregnancy period but after a few hours died due to an acute brucellosis, while Tamina also showed the signs and symptoms of some anatomic disorders at birth.30, Reproductive cloning is the process where the asexual cells are transferred to an egg while its DNA has been removed and after the development of an embryo, it is placed into the recipient uterus. It requires the use of an embryo. (iii) Secondary sanctity of human cloning: Some of the Shia Jurists believe that human cloning is not a problem in nature based on their arguments, but operating it in laboratories may lead to inevitable corruption such as intervention in natural system.17, Therefore, to prevent from such corruption, the human cloning is considered as the secondary prohibition. Farshadyekta M. Cloning and its legal effects. The process of creating cells from a destroyed embryo could eventually lead scientists to be able to directly clone a human being. He emphasized on the fact that humanity is not quantitative and should not be acted as a tool. 3. Therapeutic Cloning Pros and Cons - HRF - HRF - Health and Medical Blog government site. This gives medical researchers the ability to create medical procedures that have an incredible amount of life-saving possibilities. Its a type of cloning that is incredibly controversial because the ethics involved in the process. An example of ethical issues associated with cloning includes producing identical human beings in the lab. Fakour H. A study on criminalizing human cloning in Iranian statutes. Such alternatives have already been proposed such as using adult stem cells. Cloning, Signs of Life and Death, Menopause, etc. Thus to prevent such consequences, the attempts should be made to create an appropriate legal-ethical system and an approved comprehensive law.14, Law and ethics are basic and fundamental concepts in this area and according to 4th principle of constitution law stating that all laws should be in the framework of Islamic regulations and as there is not any specific law related to human cloning in the country, we should refer to accredited judicial decree or ethics. Potential for abuse. For those that dont support the ethics of embryonic cells, adult cells seem to be a viable research alternative. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Watson JD. Do the advantages of therapeutic cloning outweigh the disadvantages that may be potentially seen? The category of sanctity for murder is more severe than the sanctity for the second and third categories. Arguments for Human Therapeutic Cloning - Pmc Chung YG, Eum JH, Lee JE, Shim SH, Sepilian V, Hong SW, Lee Y, Treff NR, Choi YH, Kimbrel EA, Dittman RE, Lanza R, Lee DR. Human somatic cell nuclear transfer using adult cells. Therefore, legislators should take actions toward criminalization of the issue with respect to principle of legality of crime and punishment. Second, there might be other alternatives with the same advantages and without the mentioned ethical issues. Pluripotent stem cells from cloned human embryos: success at long last. Nikouenejad L. Considering human cloning according to the anthropological view of Kant. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Under current conditions, this would mean millions of eggs would need to be researched and studied and there just isnt the supply available right now to create that many embryos. 5. Second, there is the fear that if the reproductive cloning is banned and the therapeutic cloning becomes free, whereas the initial procedures and techniques of both of the methods are similar, the freedom is abused in this regard and the embryos are developed for the purpose of human cloning. In other words, the researches should not harm the cloned individual and other people but work on his and others favor. Is it possible to reproduce a human embryo for ones purpose, but it should be remembered that such embryos are the initial point of life of all human being. Therapeutic cloning is a great advancement in medical science that could save thousands of lives in the future. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran, https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8% AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C% D9%86%D8%A7. Internal damages may be (i) The cloned living organism may encounter genetic problems and complications in long term, (ii) The more the cloned people are in the society, the more their extinction probability will be; because there are about one million four hundred thousand nucleotides in the body of every human and this remarkable variety is the origin of human generation survival; while the decrease in the genetic variety of individuals in a society, which is the result of cloning highly increase the probability of their death by a special virus or a pathogen, (iii) 99% of attempts to clone human may result in creation of monsters, (iv) Biological disorders such as cancer, (iv) Premature aging: Dolly, the sheep, aged soon after cloning and the cloned baby will age at birth; because if the genetic donor is fifty-year-old, the new born will be a fifty-year-old one, thus, it will be suffering from premature aging like Dolly.32, External damages can be (i) Belief damages, (ii) Human moral damages, (iii) Cloning propounds a way to stop family establishment and perseverance against the related difficulties and it leads to satisfying sexual instinct and contenting oneself with cloning to have a child, (iv) Cloning is against divine nature. Many of the cells cloned ended up developing serious defects that could harm human health if used. Gashmardi N, Mehrabani D, Khodabandeh Z, Hosseini SM. Atrak H. Human cloning and kants theory. Human cloning may legally cause problems, including the reproduced individual that will be completely similar to the genetic donor, even his fingerprints, and it is exclusive for everybody and considered as the major factor to arrest the offender. It eliminates the need for medical fields like xenotransplantation. Some scientists feared that the process of creating cells or organs from a destroyed embryo could eventually lead into human cloning. Kants formula of the universal law regards the same notion. Because the cells would be developed based on a persons own unique genetics and DNA, there would no longer be a need for a second surgery of a donor in order for a transplant to be successful. The rule of law can be derived if required, a legal action can be taken into account. Therapeutic Cloning Pros and Cons | APECSEC.org It can be stated that all humans are not used as a mere means, but it should be taken into accounts that Kants purpose of not dealing with human as a mere means is quantitative and qualitative. And who is responsible for alimony and custodianship of the cloned individual? However, he allowed human cloning in rare cases and necessities when it is beneficial for human health and also the use of its scientific aspects; such as the cloning of organs for treatment purpose.17. Cloning - Reproductive Risks, Eugenics, and Therapeutic Cloning Therapeutic cloning: promises and issues - PMC - National Center for The pros and cons of human therapeutic cloning in the public debate Few issues linked to genetic research have raised as much controversial debate as the use of somatic cell nuclear transfer technology to create embryos specifically for stem cell research. 10 Far-Reaching Pros and Cons of Therapeutic Cloning It is very important to consider breast feeding for children because breast milk has lots of antibodies and it is easily digested by the newborn increasing the chance of her or his survival. Noggle S, Fung HL, Gore A, Martinez H, Satriani KC, Prosser R, Oum K, Paull D, Druckenmiller S, Freeby M, Greenberg E, Zhang K, Goland R, Sauer MV, Leibel RL, Egli D. Human oocytes reprogram somatic cells to a pluripotent state. By being able to replicate a patient's cells and tissues, there would no longer be an issue of rejection. Now to review the three stages: The first stage is the use of the cell from human body which is automatically not objected. Development of human cloned blastocysts following somatic cell nuclear transfer with adult fibroblasts. The Perfect Baby: Parenthood in the New World of Cloning and Genetics. The most important advantages of cloning can be (i) Replicating and propagating plants and animals, (ii) Recreating and replicating extinct or going to extinct animals, (iii) Propagating genes and saving newborns from hereditary diseases, (iv) Helping to discover treatment methods of infertility, (v) Dividing the developed embryo into several cloned embryos so that in case of probable incidents happening to one of them, the other clone can replace it, (vi) Using it to reproduce the ambulated limbs and replicating them to culture and replace the destroyed organs such as liver, heart. Naturally, if only one of the stages is considered prohibited, it is not possible to give fatwa of permission for therapeutic cloning which includes all the stages. In reply, it should be asked how the issues related to the many physical damages and hidden and unknown mental risks in the method of abnormal birth of the cloned child compared with the method of natural birth can be justified?45, Therefore, pursuant to ethical principles and potential risks of cloning operations, further contemplations are needed on the technology and it should be avoided at least until its hidden aspects are clearly revealed. The pros and cons of human therapeutic cloning in the public - PubMed the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. In other words, although the religious order on human cloning can be an absolute permission based on the strong principle of permission, it is not unlikely that in the future, corruption is proved to be real for them, Jurists rule it as secondary sanctity and even as primary one. 13 Therapeutic Cloning Pros and Cons - Vittana.org This type of medical technology would even potentially reduce the need for organ transplants to occur in the first place. The pros and Cons of Therapeutic Cloning - Human Cloning The only available regulations in our country codified by consultative committees are affiliated to the research institutes include two documents and despite that they are called by laws, the executive bylaws of ethical principles in researches of medical sciences and ethical guides of researches on gametes and embryos, they lack legal standards and sanction and as their titles suggest, they should be called ethics doctrine. It should be known that which one of the three stages of therapeutic cloning is permitted and which is not? He has declared that the prevention and punishment of its perpetrators and attempters is a must and a rational and religious assumption for all humans especially, legal and executive authorities and propagators. Some of the practical policies which should be done include public education, description of probable risks and disadvantages of human cloning and placing religious and ethical scholars next to researchers of cloning.17. When embryo is developed, three actions can be undertaken including, (i) To allow to be destroyed, (ii) To place it in uterus where it develops into a human similar to the donor of the cell in terms of growth, and (iii) T use it to obtain stem cells.48, The operation is the third stage of therapeutic cloning which is described later. 31 July 2015. 2nd Congress on Review of Islamic Regulations in Medicine 2013; 2013. pp. Lets take a look at this subject in a more in-depth way right now. What adds more complications to this subject is that: first, it is not certain that scientists achieve what they claim. Instead of having a lifetime of suffering from chronic pain or other physical issues, therapeutic cloning provides the opportunity to find a potential cure in maybe just one office visit. Perhaps, some say that in the natural process, the newborn does not play any role in his birth and creation. The practice of therapeutic cloning is the replication of tissues and cells that can be used for specific medical purposes. In 1956, Spemanns hypothesis was proved and in 1962, mature frog was produced by transferring nucleus of intestinal cells of tadpoles into the eggs while their nucleus were removed.29, Sheep cloning from embryonic cells was performed in 1984. The process of extraction ruins the embryo and this issue creates a lot of ethical concerns. In spite of all respect for the new life in the frame of human embryo, supporters of therapeutic cloning believe that human dignity and legal status of the six-day embryo is never equal to a mature human and therefore, the moral problems arising from damage of the embryo are fewer than what the opponents claim.