gets worse, you should always visit an eye care specialist. Farsightedness and it are not the same things, despite frequent There are two types of macular degeneration: moist and dry. Mehta MC, Narayanan R, Thomas Aretz H, Khanna R, Rao GN. 1971. PMC In the middle of your range of vision, there are black or Untreated, some retinal diseases can cause severe vision loss or blindness. An intriguing feature of LHON is that only approximately 50% of males and approximately 10% of females who harbour a pathogenic mtDNA mutation actually develop the optic neuropathy. Conjunctivitis: Conjunctivitis, sometimes referred to as NEI Scientists publish recipe for making blood vessel cells from patient stem cells Wong TY, Ferreira A, Hughes R, Carter G, Mitchell P. Epidemiology and disease burden of pathologic myopia and myopic choroidal neovascularization: an evidence-based systematic review. 1997 Dec;37(24):3495-507. doi: 10.1016/S0042-6989(96)00167-8. Almost Eye Diseases: Symptoms & Causes of 19 Common Eye Problems When unnatural blood vessels develop under the macula and begin to leak blood The macula thins as a result of dry AMD, gradually causing blurring can I do to maintain the best possible health of my eyes? Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. What are the most typical conditions affecting children's from UVA and UVB rays, even on cloudy days. [The role of uveitis in demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system]. When the mother passes the gene to her sons, they will be color blind. US Eye Disease Statistics. Why Is My Child Color Blind? This report highlights a need for more data on the causes of vision impairment, where we found data sources to be sparse, particularly in children and young adults, high-income locations, and in sub-Saharan Africa. 8600 Rockville Pike Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. Visual loss in the young adult can be caused by demyelinating diseases, inflammatory and autoimmune processes, infections, ischaemic events, and compressive lesions of the optic nerve. perhaps the brain favoring one eye over the other, which would impair vision in Foroozan R, Buono LM, Savino PJ, Sergott RC. In addition to being painful, it quickly results in Also, up-to-date, population-representative data from high-income settings has lagged behind. additional health issues like diabetes or high blood pressure. Flashes of light in one or both eyes (photopsia) cataract. World Health Organization; Geneva: 2020. Accessibility eyes? Reddy PA, Congdon N, MacKenzie G. Effect of providing near glasses on productivity among rural Indian tea workers with presbyopia (PROSPER): a randomised trial. their eyesight will be lessened. There are countless different eye conditions and eyesight Methods. Loss of the central vision you need to see details straight ahead, blurry or wavy areas in your central vision, Dietary supplements (vitamins and minerals), injections, photodynamic therapy (injections and laser treatment). Yaqub S, von Hanno T, Stokke A, Skjeflo T, Neset KA. Approximately one-third of cases have a family history. AMD symptoms, which ordinarily aren't seen until the condition We present a review of the clinical characteristics of visual loss in the young adult, the different diagnostic measures, and the latest therapeutic strategies. Your child's eyes do not lock onto a Legally blind patients qualify for benefits from the government. age-related macular degeneration or AMD, damages your central vision. demonstrating the high success rate of the procedure. Ask your doctor how often you need to get eye exams. But warning signs almost always appear before it occurs or has advanced, such as: The sudden appearance of many floaters tiny specks that seem to drift through your field of vision. Presbyopia is the difficulty to focus on a wide field of Wong TY, Sun J, Kawasaki R. Guidelines on diabetic eye care: the International Council of Ophthalmology Recommendations for screening, follow-up, referral, and treatment based on resource settings. Can eye If your vision problem persists for more than a few days or issues in both children and adults are genetically predisposed. At first, you may not notice that you have a cataract. this is essential. The research, published in the Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, found that the annual incidence of kidney stone disease rose 16% from 1997 to 2012, with 15- to 19-year-olds . Common Eye Disorders & Diseases That Cause Vision Problems Here are several signs: The retina can be reattached using laser therapy or a Do you have AMD? The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Vision Health initiative and NORC at the University of Chicago developed the National Vision and Eye Health Surveillance System (VEHSS). injury toxocariasis (a rare parasitic infection spread via animal feces) Over the first few months of life, a baby's brain develops essential visual connections in response to a clear retinal image. Wear sunglasses to shield your eyes Click here to see the anatomy of the eye and how the eyes work. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Age-Related Macular Degeneration. difficulty reading or perceiving distant objects. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (J D Steinmetz PhD, P S Briant BS, A Afshin MD, C Ashbaugh MA, E A Cromwell PhD, X Dai PhD, Prof L Dandona MD, Prof R Dandona PhD, Prof S I Hay FMedSci, K E LeGrand MPH, Prof A H Mokdad PhD, M Pasovic MA, N Reinig BS, A Vongpradith BA, S R M Zimsen MA, Prof T Vos PhD), Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine (A Afshin MD, E A Cromwell PhD, Prof R Dandona PhD, Prof S I Hay FMedSci, Prof A H Mokdad PhD, Prof T Vos PhD), Department of Ophthalmology (Prof T T Shen MD), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Vision and Eye Research Institute (Prof R R A Bourne MD, A Silvester MSc), Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK; Department of Mathematics (S Flaxman PhD, M Bottone PhD), WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training (D L Rawaf MD), Department of Primary Care and Public Health (Prof S Rawaf MD), Imperial College London, London, UK; School of Population and Global Health (Prof H R Taylor MD), University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia; Department of Ophthalmology (Prof J B Jonas MD, S Panda-Jonas MD), Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH) (Prof T W Brnighausen MD), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology (Prof J B Jonas MD, Y Wang MD), Beijing Tongren Eye Center (Prof N Wang PhD), Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Parasitology and Mycology (A Abdoli PhD), Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran; Department of Adult Health Nursing (W A Abrha MSc, A H Weldemariam MSc), Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; Department of Neurology (A Abualhasan MD), Neurophysiology Unit (Prof H R Elhabashy MD), Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Clinical Sciences (E Abu-Gharbieh PhD), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Public Health (T G Adal MPH), Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia; Ophthalmic Research Center (H Ahmadieh MD, S Safi PhD, M Yaseri PhD), Department of Ophthalmology (H Ahmadieh MD), Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences (S N Irvani MD), Department of Epidemiology (S Sabour PhD), Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center (S Safi PhD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; The Fred Hollows Foundation, Sydney, NSW, Australia (W Alemayehu MD); Berhan Public Health & Eye Care Consultancy, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (W Alemayehu MD); Eye Research Center (S Alemzadeh MD), Health Management and Economics Research Center (V Alipour PhD, J Arabloo PhD, A Ghashghaee BSc, A Rezapour PhD), Health Economics Department (V Alipour PhD), Student Research Committee (A Ghashghaee BSc), School of Medicine (N Manafi MD), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Ophthalmology (A S Alfaar MD), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology (A S Alfaar MD), Charit Medical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Medicine (S Androudi PhD), University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece; Department of Research (A Arditi PhD), Visibility Metrics LLC, Chappaqua, NY, USA; College of Medicine and Health Sciences (B B Aregawi PhD), Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences (H Negash MSc), Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; Department of Ophthalmology (A Arrigo MD), San Raffaele Hospital, Milano, Italy; Department of Ophthalmology (A Arrigo MD, Prof M Battaglia Parodi MD), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy; Translational Ophthalmology Research Center (E Ashrafi PhD, S Mohammadi MD), Multiple Sclerosis Research Center (S Eskandarieh PhD, Prof M Sahraian MD), Non-communicable Diseases Research Center (Prof F Farzadfar DSc), Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center (Prof V Rahimi-Movaghar MD), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M Yaseri PhD), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health System and Health Economics (D D Atnafu MPH), Department of Adult Health Nursing (A Kasa MSc), College of Medicine and Health Sciences (G W Tsegaye MPH), Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Ophthalmology (E Bagli PhD), University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece; Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology (E Bagli PhD), Foundation for Research & Technology, Ioannina, Greece; Unit of Biochemistry (A A Baig PhD), Sultan Zainal Abidin University, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia; T H Chan School of Public Health (Prof T W Brnighausen MD), Department of Ophthalmology (Prof R Dana MD, Prof D S Friedman MD, Prof J H Kempen MD), Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (M Beheshti MD), New York University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy (A S Bhagavathula PharmD), Charles University, Hradec Kralova, Czech Republic; Institute of Public Health (A S Bhagavathula PharmD), United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Department of Anatomy (Prof N Bhardwaj MD), Government Medical College Pali, Pali, India; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine (P Bhardwaj MD), School of Public Health (P Bhardwaj MD), Department of Surgical Oncology (Prof S Misra MCh), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics (K Bhattacharyya MSc), National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India; Department of Statistics (K Bhattacharyya MSc), University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India; Social Determinants of Health Research Center (A Bijani PhD), Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Epidemiology Department (Prof M Bikbov PhD), Ufa Eye Research Institute, Ufa, Russia; Department of Computer Science (M Bottone PhD), Middlesex University London, London, UK; Ophthalmology Department (T Braithwaite PhD), Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; International Centre for Eye Health (T Braithwaite PhD), London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Department of Ophthalmology (Prof A M Bron MD), University Hospital Dijon, Dijon, France; Eye and Nutrition Research Group (Prof A M Bron MD), Universit Bourgogne Franche-Comt, Dijon, France; Department of Community Medicine (Prof S Burugina Nagaraja MD), Employee State Insurance Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Bangalore, India; School of Public Health and Health Systems (Z A Butt PhD), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada; Al Shifa School of Public Health (Z A Butt PhD), Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Institute of Microengineering (F L Caetano dos Santos PhD), Federal Polytechnic School of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; School of Sciences (V L A Carneiro MSc), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Directive Board (R A R C Sousa FEAOO), Association of Licensed Optometry Professionals, Linda-a-Velha, Portugal (V L A Carneiro MSc); Department of Ophthalmology (Prof R J Casson PhD), School of Public Health (V Podder HSC), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Ocular Epidemiology Research Group (Prof C Cheng MD), Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore; Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program (Prof C Cheng MD), Duke-NUS Medical School (Prof T Y Wong MD), Singapore, Singapore; Biomedical Informatics (J J Choi PhD), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea; Faculty of Biology (D Chu PhD), Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam; Department of Ophthalmology (M Cicinelli MD), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy; University Hospital Center of Porto (J M Coelho MD), Department of Chemical Sciences (R A S Couto MD), Department of Chemistry (M Pinheiro PhD), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Centre for Public Health (Prof N G Congdon MD, G Virgili MD), Queen's University, Belfast, UK; Orbis International, New York, NY, USA (Prof N G Congdon MD); Environmental Health Department (S M A Dahlawi PhD), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India (Prof L Dandona MD, Prof R Dandona PhD); Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India (Prof L Dandona MD); Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Prof M A Del Monte MD, J R Ehrlich MD, A L Robin MD), Institute for Health Care Policy and Innovation (J R Ehrlich MD), Department of Systems, Populations, and Leadership (X Liu PhD), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biochemistry (M Derbew Molla MSc), Department of Surgical Nursing (A A Desta MSc), University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; St Paul's Eye Unit (N Dervenis MD), Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK; Department of Ophthalmology (N Dervenis MD), 1st Department of Ophthalmology (Prof F Topouzis PhD), Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Ophthalmology (Prof J P Deva MD), Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang, Malaysia; Center of Complexity Sciences (Prof D Diaz PhD), National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics (Prof D Diaz PhD), Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacn Rosales, Mexico; Development of Research and Technology Center (S Djalalinia PhD), Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran; School of Behavioural Sciences (R Elayedath MSc), Mahatma Gandhi University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Kottayam, India; National Eye Institute (L B Ellwein PhD), National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center (M Emamian PhD), Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (A G Fernandes PhD), Federal University of So Paulo, So Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Gerontological Health Services and Nursing Research (F Fischer PhD), Ravensburg-Weingarten University of Applied Sciences, Weingarten, Germany; Division of Ophthalmology (J M Furtado MD), University of So Paulo, Ribeiro Preto, Brazil; Department of Medicine (S Gaidhane PhD), Global Evidence Synthesis Initiative (Prof M Khatib PhD), Department of Ophthalmology (Prof D Singhal MD), Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India; Institute of Ophthalmology (Prof G Gazzard MD), University College London, London, UK; School of Public Health (B Gebremichael MPH), Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Glaucoma Services (R George MS), Sankara Nethralaya Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, India; Faculty of Allied Health Sciences (Prof S Gilani PhD), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Afro-Asian Institute, Lahore, Pakistan (Prof S Gilani PhD); Health Systems and Policy Research (M Golechha PhD), Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, India; School of Health and Environmental Studies (Prof S Hamidi DrPH), Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Brain and Behavioral Sciences Program (Prof B R Hammond PhD), University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Moran Eye Center (Prof M E R Hartnett MD), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Indonesia Maju (Indonesian Advanced College of Health Sciences) (R K Hartono MPH), Institution of Public Health Sciences, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Public Health (A Hashi PhD), Jigjiga University, Jijiga, Ethiopia; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K Hayat MS), University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (K Hayat MS), Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China; Independent Consultant 4, Santa Clara, CA, USA (G Heidari MD); Department of Urban Planning and Design (H Ho PhD), University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Kasturba Medical College (R Holla MD, P Rathi MD), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; College of Science and Engineering (Prof M Househ PhD), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Prof J J Huang MD), Department of Genetics (S Pawar PhD), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Health Promotion and Education (S E Ibitoye MPH), Department of Medicine (Prof M O Owolabi DrM), University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Faculty of Medicine (I M Ilic PhD), University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Epidemiology (Prof M D Ilic PhD), University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia; Independent Consultant 1, Kelowna, BC, Canada (A D Ingram MSc); Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (S M S Islam PhD), Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia; Sydney Medical School (S M S Islam PhD), Ophthalmology Department (H Kandel PhD), University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Health Management (R Itumalla PhD), University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; School of Management Studies (R Itumalla PhD), University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India; Department of Biochemistry (Prof S Jayaram MD), Government Medical College, Mysuru, India; Department of Community Medicine (R P Jha MSc), Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College & Hospital, Delhi, India; Department of Community Medicine (R P Jha MSc), Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Les Ophtalmologistes Associs de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (R Kahloun MD); Institute for Prevention of Non-communicable Diseases (R Kalhor PhD), Health Services Management Department (R Kalhor PhD), Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Ophthalmology Department (H Kandel PhD), Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Applied Physics (Prof T Kavetskyy PhD), The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin Voivodeship, Poland; Department of Biology & Chemistry (Prof T Kavetskyy PhD), Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University, Drohobych, Ukraine; International Research Center of Excellence (G A Kayode PhD), Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria; Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care (G A Kayode PhD), Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Eye Unit (Prof J H Kempen MD), MyungSung Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Ophthalmology (Prof M Khairallah MD), Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Monastir, Tunisia; Department of Biophysics and Molecular Biology (Prof R Khalilov PhD), Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan; Institute of Radiation Problems (Prof R Khalilov PhD), Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (E A Khan MPH), Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan; Allen Foster Community Eye Health Research Centre (R C Khanna MPH), L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India; School of Optometry and Vision Science (R C Khanna MPH, Prof K S Naidoo PhD, Prof K Pesudovs PhD, N Tahhan PhD, Prof S Resnikoff MD), UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Executive Board of the Health Ministers' Council for the Gulf Cooperation Council States, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Prof T A M Khoja FRCP); Department of Preventive Medicine (G R Kim PhD, Prof E Park PhD), Institute of Health Services Research (Prof E Park PhD), College of Medicine (Prof J Shin MD), Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (J E Kim MD), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Y J Kim PhD), Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia; School of Health Sciences (Prof A Kisa PhD), Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway; Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences (Prof A Kisa PhD), Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA; Department of Nursing and Health Promotion (S Kisa PhD), Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway; Independent Consultant 2, Jakarta, Indonesia (S Kosen MD); Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (A Koyanagi MD), San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain (A Koyanagi MD); Faculty of Medicine (B Kucuk Bicer PhD), Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Community Medicine (V Kulkarni MD), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Faculty of Health and Life Sciences (O P Kurmi PhD), Coventry University, Coventry, UK; Department of Medicine (O P Kurmi PhD), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences (A T Olagunju MD), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Unit of Genetics and Public Health (Prof I Landires MD), Unit of Microbiology and Public Health (V Nunez-Samudio PhD), Institute of Medical Sciences, Las Tablas, Panama; Department of Public Health (V Nunez-Samudio PhD), Ministry of Health, Herrera, Panama (Prof I Landires MD); HelpMeSee, New York, NY, USA (Prof V C Lansingh PhD); Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology, Queretaro, Mexico (Prof V C Lansingh PhD); College of Optometry (J L Leasher OD), Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA; Ophthalmology Department (N Leveziel MD), CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France; Unit 1084 (N Leveziel MD), National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Poitiers, France; Health Information Services, Grootebroek, Netherlands (H Limburg MPH); Department of Biochemistry (S Madhava Kunjathur MD), BGS Global Institute of Medical Sciences, Bengaluru, India; Clinical Research Development Center (S Maleki MSc, M Naderi PhD), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; School of Medicine (N Manafi MD), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Swiss Visio, Montchoisi Clinic (Prof K Mansouri MD), Glaucoma Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology (Prof K Mansouri MD), University of Colorado, Denver, Denver, USA; Department of Ophthalmology (C McAlinden PhD), Singleton Hospital, Swansea, UK; School of Public Health (G G Meles MPH), Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing (A M Mersha MSc), Department of Public Health (M B Sorrie MPH), Department of Biomedical Sciences (E G Tadesse MSc), Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Woman-Mother-Child Department (I Michalek PhD), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, MD, USA (T R Miller PhD); School of Public Health (T R Miller PhD), Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Internal Medicine Department (Y Mohammad MD), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health (J A Mohammed MPH, T G Wondmeneh MPH), Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia; World Health Organization (WHO) Centre on eHealth, Sydney, NSW, Australia (M Moni PhD); Department of Medicine (A A Montasir FMD), TMSS Medical College, Bogura, Bangladesh; Department of Medicine (A A Montasir FMD), Sofia Ismail Memorial Medical Centre, Bogura, Bangladesh; Lighthouse Guild, New York, NY, USA (A R Morse PhD); Harkness Eye Institute (A R Morse PhD), Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Public Health (G F Mulaw MPH), Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia; Department of Orgonomy (H Naderifar PhD), Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Discipline of Optometry (Prof K S Naidoo PhD), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization (M Naimzada MD, N Otstavnov BA), Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia; Experimental Surgery and Oncology Laboratory (M Naimzada MD), Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russia; Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India (V Nangia MD); Mysore Medical College and Research Institute (Prof S Narasimha Swamy MD), Government Medical College, Mysore, India; Department of Biotechnology (D M Naveed PhD), University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan; Institute for Global Health Innovations (H L T Nguyen MPH, H Q Pham MD), Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Vietnam; Translational Health Research Institute (F A Ogbo PhD), Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Policy and Programme Systems (K Ogundimu MD), Sightsavers, Haywards Heath, UK; Department of Psychiatry (A T Olagunju MD), University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Prof O E Onwujekwe PhD), University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria; Department of Medicine (Prof M O Owolabi DrM), University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Parasitology and Mycology (Prof K Pakshir PhD), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology (U Parekh MD), Pramukhswami Medical College, Anand, India; Centre for Public Health (Prof T Peto PhD), Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK; Medical College (V Podder HSC), Tairunnessa Memorial Medical College and Hospital, Gazipur, Bangladesh; Department of Community Medicine (M Rahman PhD), Maharishi Markandeshwar Medical College & Hospital, Solan, India; Department of Ophthalmology (P Y Ramulu MD, Prof S K West PhD), Wilmer Eye Institute (A L Robin MD), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; University College London Hospitals, London, UK (D L Rawaf MD); Academic Public Health England (Prof S Rawaf MD), Public Health England, London, UK; School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences (L Rawal PhD), CQ University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Social Sciences and Psychology (Prof A M N Renzaho PhD), Translational Health Research Institute (Prof A M N Renzaho PhD), Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia; Department of Ophthalmology (Prof L Rossetti MD), University of Milan, Milano, Italy; Halal Research Center (A Sahebkar PhD), Food and Drug Administration of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center (A Sahebkar PhD), Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Entomology (A M Samy PhD), Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Geriatrics and Long Term Care (B Sathian PhD), Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Faculty of Health & Social Sciences (B Sathian PhD), Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine (G Saya MD), Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India; Market Access (M Saylan MD), Bayer, Istanbul, Turkey; Public Health Division (A A Shaheen PhD), An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine; Independent Consultant 3, Karachi, Pakistan (M A Shaikh MD); Institute for Population Health (Prof K Shibuya MD), King's College London, London, UK; Department of Nursing (W S Shiferaw MSc), Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (M Shigematsu PhD); Family, Health Promotion, and Life Course Department (J Silva MPH), Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, USA; Ophthalmology Department (A Silvester MSc), SpaMedica, Bolton, UK; School of Medicine (Prof J A Singh MD), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Medicine Service (Prof J A Singh MD), US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Ophthalmology (Prof D Singhal MD), Gmers Medical College and Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad, India; Department of Ophthalmology (Prof R S Sitorus PhD), University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Ophthalmology (Prof R S Sitorus PhD), Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Ophthalmology (E Skiadaresi MD), Hywel Dda University Health Board, Llanelli, UK; Department No.16 (V Y Skryabin MD), Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics (Prof M S Zastrozhin PhD), Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions, Moscow, Russia; Therapeutic Department (A A Skryabina MD), Balashiha Central Hospital, Balashikha, Russia; Nursing Care Research Center (A Soheili PhD), Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Division of Community Medicine (C T Sreeramareddy MD), International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Ophthalmology (Prof D Stambolian MD), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development (Prof M I Tareque PhD), University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh; Department of Health Economics (B X Tran PhD), Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam; Medical School (Prof M K Tsilimbaris MD), University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Southern California Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA (R Varma MD); NEUROFARBA Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino (G Virgili MD), University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine (G T Vu BA), Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Singapore Eye Research Institute (Prof T Y Wong MD), Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Neuropsychopharmacology (N Yonemoto MPH), National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan; Department of Public Health (N Yonemoto MPH), Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Prof C Yu PhD), School of Medicine (Z Zhang PhD), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Addictology Department (Prof M S Zastrozhin PhD), Pediatrics Department (A Zastrozhina PhD), Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia; Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia (Prof S Resnikoff MD).