When first described in detail, the epipterygoid of C. osmolskae (Fig. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Funston, G. F. et al. Dinosaur bite force comparison | Prehistoric Paradise Amino Estimates in absolute values like newtons were impossible. L.E.M. R. Soc. Article USA 108, 232237 (2011). Can. Hist. 1c). Google Scholar. The result that Incisivosaurus has the lowest jaw mechanical advantage, relative bite force, and highest gape angle may suggest it more retained some plesiomorphic dietary adaptation to omnivory/non-herbivorous foodstuffs. Bite Force | The Isle Wiki | Fandom & Tambussi, C. P. Jaw myology and bite force of the monk parakeet (Aves, Psittaciformes). One, the skull of a juvenile T. rex, had a healed bite mark on its face. Naturwissenschaften 94, 769778 (2007). Several caenagnathids mandibles show a sharp, upturned tip and the lower mechanical advantage of their jaws would result in a weaker but quicker jaw opening/closure compared to oviraptorids, a possible adaption for catching mobile prey of a small body size as part of a carnivorous or omnivorous diet6,10,56. Reconstructed jaw adductor musculature of Khaan mckennai (a-d) and Conchoraptor gracilis (eh) shown complete in lateral view (a,e), anterolateral view with mAMES removed (b,f), posterolateral view with mAME complex removed (c,g), and ventral view with only the mPT muscles (mPTv removed on left). Funston, G. F. & Currie, P. J. Estimating bite force in extinct dinosaurs using phylogenetically The origin of the mPTv on the pterygoid ventral surface is interpreted as running from the posteroventral margin anteriorly into a trough medial to the ectopterygoid, and lateral of a ventral flange termed the accessory ventral flange by Xu et al.22, terminating anteriorly before the palatine contact. This set of four 3D skull models and myological reconstructions allows us to compare bite forces, adductor muscle anatomy, and jaw function between the earliest diverging oviraptorosaurian and later diverging oviraptorids, and between oviraptorosaurians and other herbivorous theropods. This structural constraint was used by Lautenschlager23 to estimate the gape angle at which the limit of optimal tension is reached and the maximum limit of gape that might occur for muscle tension to still be possible. Rowe and Snively (2021) estimated a bite force of 4.037 Newton for Suchomimus tenerensis, which is half as strong as the significantly smaller Allosaurus fragilis (9.389 Newton; Sakamoto 2022). This anatomy has been speculated as consistent with forms of durophagy (i.e. 1c,f,i,l), including around the apex of the coronoid elevation itself, along with the mAMES, specifically on the dorsomedial surface of coronoid prominence31,39. Nabavizadeh, A. Cranial musculature in herbivorous dinosaurs: A survey of reconstructed anatomical diversity and feeding mechanisms. The models suggest that an adult T. rex was capable of a maximum bite force of 35,000 to 57,000 newtons at its back teeth. The site is limited anteriorly and anterolaterally by the palatines and ectopterygoids, onto which no attachment was modelled as they are relatively small and delicate. There are no clear osteological signs of the extent of the mAMES origin site so we restrict it to the medial surfaces of the supratemporal bar as the ventral surface is narrow (as the bars are mediolaterally thin) and the medial surface is slightly orientated in the correct muscle direction in all taxa. Blenders keyframe animation tool was used to animate and model a jaw opening cycle in which one frame represented 0.5. 227, 3444 (2015). 303, 347362 (2020). Palaeoecol. Physiol. Using 3D retrodeformed skull models of oviraptorid oviraptorosaurians Citipati, Khaan, and Conchoraptor, along with the earliest diverging oviraptorosaurian, Incisivosaurus, we digitally reconstruct jaw adductor musculature and estimate bite force to investigate cranial function in each species. Mong. Reconstructed jaw adductor musculature of Incisivosaurus gauthieri (a-d) and Citipati osmolskae (eh) shown complete in lateral view (a,e), anterolateral view with mAMES removed (b,f), posterolateral view with mAME complex removed (c,g), and ventral view with only the mPT muscles (mPTv removed on left). I don't think any studies of spinosaur bite force have been done. This area of the retrodeformed mandible model for Conchoraptor uses material from Khaan and the two are thus similar (Fig. & Norell, M. A. 36, e1160910 (2016). That stiffness stemmed from a boomerang-shaped bit of bone . By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. A spherical mesh was created centrally in the orbit and scaled until it contacted the orbit; it was then scaled to 95% of this size (leaving a small presumed space for other tissues and muscles; the eyeball would not contact surrounding bone) to form a basic eyeball that the muscle paths were not allowed to intersect. Though their crania are heavily pneumatised, they are short and tall, have expanded spaces for jaw musculature, and are equipped with a deep mandible and a robust palate terminating in a toothless beak. Wild Words from the Animal Kingdom Vocabulary Quiz. Photogrammetry was used to digitise mandibular material from Incisivosaurus (IVPP V13326), Citipati sp. 303, 10601074 (2020). J. Vertebr. Nature 419, 291293 (2002). Google Scholar. Even 2 tons is very weak! 1e), as suggested by19 to indicate a relatively small m. pterygoideus. This is confirmed by greater muscle CSA values relative to cranial surface area in Citipati (1.80102), Khaan (1.77102), and Conchoraptor (1.37102), compared to Incisivosaurus (1.21102). 1c,f,i,l). PLoS ONE 9, e113559 (2014). PubMed Central Ontog. As the medial regions of the coronoid elevation are occupied by the mAMEP in our reconstruction we position the mPSTs, as the deepest temporal muscle, inserting into the anterior portion of the medial mandibular fossa31 and its anterodorsal rim (Fig. Estimating bite force in extinct dinosaurs using - PeerJ 09 of 10 Spotted Hyena (1,000 PSI) Getty Images As befitting mammals that can eat, chew and digest solid bone, spotted hyenas are equipped with massive skulls, disproportionately large trunks and forelimbs, and powerful bites that can rip through carcasses with up to 1,000 pounds of force per square inch. However, its bite power was 19,000 N, and that is nothing . If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate. Both of these predators have bites that can mortally wound the other. The mandibles of the oviraptorids bear apically triangular coronoid eminences, which are anteriorly displaced compared to those of other herbivorous dinosaurs. Natl Acad. Contents 1 Carnivore Bite Forces 2 Herbivore Bite Forces 3 Strains 4 Pterosaurs 5 Reptiles Carnivore Bite Forces The other three species are more similar in relative muscular strain, reinforcing the finding that relative muscle strength and arrangement in Citipati has more differences compared with other oviraptorids, than between some oviraptorids (Khaan and Conchoraptor) and earlier diverging oviraptorosaurians (Incisivosaurus). Privacy Policy. 1a). Spinosaurus' mainly ate fish and had a thin, elongated jaw, with thin, hollow, sharp teeth, and a weak bite force. Spinosaurus bite force | The World of Animals - ProBoards Anat. The morphology of rhamphothecae would affect our estimates of bite force, changing bite position and mechanical advantage. High biting force is not a necessity for a piscivorous animal like spinosaurus. In Incisivosaurus, the anterior corner of the supratemporal fossa is narrow and the mPSTs is more anteromedially positioned (Fig. R. Soc. 1a)there seems very little/no origination on the palatine. 96, 185211 (1989). Muscles comprise a structure of overlapping filament cross-bridges and inherently have a strain range over which maximal tetanic contraction can be achieved (optimal tension up to 130% of resting length) and a maximum tension limit (170% of resting length35,36). Bite Force of Triceratops. Acta. 4). Bull. As bite force is the output of a musculo-skeletal lever system ( Sinclair & Alexander, 1987 ), its estimation relies on input parameters including skeletal morphology and those derived from muscle anatomy and architecture, the latter of which is seldom preserved in fossils. Zool. The separate cranium and mandible components were connected using an armature (of two bone elements) with a centre of rotation at the jaw joint. Cranial muscle reconstructions quantify adaptation for high bite forces Am. Pittman, M. et al. Pal. 123, 128 (1967). Article This dinosaur relied on its bite to kill its prey. New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast. The origin site likely comprises the laterosphenoid and small parts of the frontal and parietal. Digital muscle reconstructions have previously been used to estimate bite forces and make comparisons of adductor muscle anatomy in ornithomimids and therizinosaurs12,13, and among other herbivorous dinosaurs (i.e. Google Scholar. Thomason, J. J. Cranial strength in relation to estimated biting forces in some mammals. Porro, L. B., Holliday, C. M., Anapol, F., Ontiveros, L. C. & Ross, C. F. Free body analysis, beam mechanics and finite element modeling of the mandible of Alligator mississippiensis. Xu, X., Cheng, Y. N., Wang, X. L. & Chang, C. H. An unusual oviraptorosaurian dinosaur from China. Their jaws are most similar to a gharial rather than a crocodile, I don't know what their bite forces are like. and our Comparing Theropod Bite Forces | Dinosaur Planet Amino Their jaw strength would also feasibly allow them to handle small prey, to supplement a mostly herbivorous diet, and generally broaden the range of possible food items as a useful tool for both food procurement and initial processing. This surface is concave and rugose. Meade, L.E., Ma, W. Cranial muscle reconstructions quantify adaptation for high bite forces in Oviraptorosauria. Moreover, the Indominus rex is capable of reaching speeds of 30 mph when running at its top speed. The CSA of each muscle was multiplied by an assumed isometric muscle stress value of 0.3N/mm232,33,34. How Powerful Were Dinosaur Bites? Comparing the distance between two consecutive footprints (in a sequence of preserved footprints) and the size of each footprint is another method used to estimate the movement speeds of ancie. R. Soc. The mAMP origin may also have extended posterodorsally onto the confluent lateral surface of the squamosal, where a curved ridge may demark an expanded origin site for the mAMP in Conchoraptor (Fig. 1c,f,i,l), inserting in the narrow medial surface of the posterior aspect of the mandibular ramus, under the medial facet of the articular glenoid and posteriorly onto the medial surface of the retroarticular process. Rec. Both authors analysed the data, revised the manuscript, and approved its current version. The optimal and maximum limits of gape were therefore estimated once a muscle cylinder reached 130% and 170% resting length respectively. Pennaraptoran theropod dinosaurs: past progress and new frontiers. & Barsbold, R. Oviraptorosaur anatomy, diversity and ecology in the Nemegt Basin. Carcharodontosaurus - Wikipedia The Indominus rex grows over 20 feet high and 50 feet long. In Khaan, the origin site is less well preserved (Fig. Biochem. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Carril, J., Degrange, F. J. Ostrom, J. H. Cranial morphology of the hadrosaurian dinosaurs of North America. Herbivores of greatly larger body mass and forms with adaptations towards complex jaw mechanisms or gut processing capabilities (i.e., sauropods, hadrosaurs) could likely also cope with tough vegetation, but oviraptorids may have been able to focus on entirely different food sources purely from the difference in their relative size (focussing on small tough items ignored by larger forms) and height stratification of material (focussing low to the ground). Spinosaurus vs Mosasaurus: Who Would Win in a Fight? Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. Bite force quotient (BFQ) is a numerical value commonly used to represent the bite force of an animal, while also taking factors like the animal's size into account.. T. rex's incredible biting force came from its stiff lower jaw This may be an adaptation to open space for an expanded mAME group to insert onto the mandible, whilst maintaining volume of the mPT. Google Scholar. T-Rex vs Spinosaurus - Battles - Comic Vine The resting gape must lie at a small open angle, given the length-tension relationship of muscles, in order to generate necessary force during biting35,37. 1d). Ma, W. et al. Values for Conchoraptor (23.0 and 46.0) lie between Incisivosaurus and the others. Spinosaurus was estimated to have a bite that was 1.5 tons. Spinosaurus Vs. T-Rex: 15 Differences (Incl. Size Comparison) In all taxa, the mAMES can be reliably hypothesised to originate on the supratemporal bar31 (Fig. Figure6 shows these estimates along with charts of the muscle cylinder strains that they are derived from. Tyrannosaurus rex was a huge dinosaur that roamed the Earth 68-66 million years ago. This expansion is not reconstructed in earnestthe organization of the other muscle volumes, particularly the passage of the mAMEM, would only permit a thin sliver of extra volume to be created on the expanded origin site, not significantly increasing overall volume, direction, or morphology of the mAMP. 494, 101120 (2018). 372, 177 (2012). A new two-fingered dinosaur sheds light on the radiation of Oviraptorosauria. The anteriormost cylinder representing the mPTv constrains optimal and maximum gape in all but Citipati, in which it is constrained by the anteriormost regions of the mAMES. Specifically, the average weight of a Spinosaurus is estimated between 13 and 23 tons. 1d), underneath where the squamosal contacts the parietal to form the posteromedial margins of the supratemporal fenestra, seems to limit the mAMEP origin posteriorly, dividing it from the mAMEM. Weight Beyond size, weight is another factor that can make or break a deal in a fight. 7 therein), extending into this sloping triangular space but not wholly filling it. These simple volumes were smoothed and remeshed. ADS Muscle abbreviations given in results section. Additionally, we assess how the reconstructed adductor muscle anatomy may have constrained the maximal angle of gape in each species23. The mAMP inserts in the adductor fossa on the medial mandibular surface (Fig. B 272, 619625 (2005). Sci. (2005) in a paper comparing bite forces, body masses and . Biomechanical evaluation of different musculoskeletal arrangements in Psittacosaurus and implications for cranial function. Bite force quotient - Wikipedia We therefore locate the mPSTp origin site on the epipterygoid of each taxon with confidence and reconstruct its origin along the length of the epipterygoid, which is present in all four taxa (though partially reconstructed in Khaan and Conchoraptor) (Fig. Body mass values from Zanno and Makovicky11. Strain values of the mDM were all calculated to be below the maximum strain limit (1.7) we modelled for the jaw adductors. Comp. Dinopedia is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. Proc. Wroe, S., McHenry, C. & Thomason, J. Anat. J. Vert. Our estimates show the Oviraptoridae were capable of producing greatly stronger bite forces than other herbivorous theropods, and those of Incisivosaurus were roughly equal to ornithomimids of body mass roughly 33 times its size. Good question. 69.76.53.113 20:44, 22 July 2008 (UTC) Reply . This shelf is more strongly defined in the later diverging taxa, especially Citipati (Fig. How Powerful Were Dinosaur Bites? | Kidtastic Pediatric Dental In Citipati, the area is formed predominantly by the capitate process of the laterosphenoid and the posterior portions of the frontal (Fig. ADS Osmlska, H. New light on the skull anatomy and systematic position of Oviraptor philoceratops. These results will serve as an ideal stepping off point for further investigation into the cranial functional morphology of oviraptorosaurians, using the retrodeformed specimens and reconstructed muscle force vectors to inform finite element analyses to compare patterns of stress and strain. It's so close to being at least wraker than that of smaller theropods, like the Allosaurus! Spinosaurus | Size, Weight, Diet, & Facts | Britannica T-Rex on the other hand has a much more robustly built jaw, larger, thicker. 272, 910937 (2011). und Palontologie 186, 365388 (1992). The mPSTs origin is placed in a similar position to Citipati and may extend slightly onto the lateral surface of parietals which contribute to the area. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. Up-to-date studies confirm that spinosaurids had a rather weak bite force compared to other theropods. 5) both relatively and absolutely. Balanoff, A. M., Bever, G. S., Rowe, T. B. Bite club: comparative bite force in big biting mammals and the prediction of predatory behaviour in fossil taxa. Muscle cylinders (and corresponding bars) are colour coded yellow and red when exceeding 130% and 170% of resting length respectively, otherwise green. The mAMES is reconstructed as originating along the full extent of this medial surface with its anterior and posterior limits constrained by the origins of the mPSTs and mAMEM respectively. We model muscle length change during jaw opening to constrain optimal and maximum gape angles. The condition of the oviraptorid oviraptorosaurian skull is characterised by an increased volume for adductor musculature and increased mechanical advantage resulting from anteroposterior shortening, compared with the more conventional theropod skull geometry of the earlier diverging Incisivosaurus. We thank Khishigjav Tsogtbaatar (MPC), Jolanta Kobylinska (ZPAL), Vladimir Alifanov (PIN), and Xing Xu (IVPP) for access to specimens in their care. Here are the top 10 animals with the world's most fearsome chompers: 10. Brain Behav. The surangular dorsomedially forms a shelf that overhangs the adductor fossa in Citipati, Khaan, and Conchoraptor (potentially taphonomically exaggerated in the latter two). 1), covering most of this broad flat wing but not encroaching on the epipterygoid (where the mPSTp is present) and pterygoids (where the mPTd originates). It is worth noting that oviraptorid dinosaurs were toothless and likely possessed keratinous beaks. The Indominus Rex: How it Compares to Real Dinosaurs Funston, G. F., Mendonca, S. E., Currie, P. J. 440, 736 (2020). 1g). - Quora. Lautenschlager 12 notes that experimental results document gape angle in modern birds can reach angles up to around 40. Both of these predators have bites that can mortally wound the other. Balanoff, A., Xu, X., Kobayashi, Y., Matsufune, Y. This would make Spinosaurus the largest known carnivorous dinosaur. T. Rex Bite Force Stronger Than Previously Calculated - AZ Animals Mosasaurus vs Megalodon: Who Would Win In A Fight? Spinosaurus wins 6/10. Anat. The relative contribution of each cranial muscle to total estimated bite force by species. 122, 39186 (1961). Spinosaurus ( / spansrs /; lit. What we do know is that Spinosaurus was not . Giganotosaurus Vs T Rex: Comparison Of Size, Speed And Intelligence How does the Spinosaurus' bite force compare to other dinosaurs - Quora The BFQ was first applied by Wroe et al. Can. Scand. A T. rex would have been capable of biting down with a force of 35,000. Rec. 300, 4961 (2017). Something went wrong. Table 2 shows the inlever and outlever measurements used to calculate bite force resulting from each cranial muscle (and their relative contribution) and the total estimated bite force in each species, for three different bite positions. See also 18 Types of Fish A Newton is defined as the amount of force required to accelerate a mass of one kilogram one meter per second squared. 4, 3447 (1977).