The authors' results contrast with conventional beliefs about the causes of conflict. Posted: 20 Apr 2016, University of Oxford - Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford - Centre for the Study of African Economies (CSAE). Program in the aftermath of typhoon Yolanda in 2013. countries. Hirshleifer (1995, 2001) provides an important refinement on the motive-opportunity dichotomy. It achieves a degree of simplicity by excluding many of the most important features of civil wars, even to the extent of asserting that there is no point in asking rebels about their motivations. The near absence of interstate conflicts and a parallel increase in the incidence of intra-state conflicts/civil wars reflects that ''orange is the new black'' in the context of 21 st century history of warfare. For more on this effort, go to www.worldbank.org/research/conflict. Shibboleth / Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institutions website and Oxford Academic. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. The authors conclude that the primary causes of civil war are greed and grievance. (PDF) Revisiting the Greed and Grievance Explanations for Violent Greed and grievance in civil war. This paper critically examines their claim, comparing and contrasting it with other relevant theories of civil war. Using a global panel data set we examine different determinants of civil war for the period 1960-2004. CrossRef Google Scholar Paul Collier and Anke Hoeffler, "On Economic Causes of Civil War," Oxford Economic Papers, 50 (1998), 563-73. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. outcomes, and the main constraints to greater use among The effects are significant Following successful sign in, you will be returned to Oxford Academic. I suggest that it represents an attractive over-simplification with a scientific aura. The authors compare two contrasting This paper documents the relationship The headline results are robust to a wide range of The introduction of perceptions allows This article is also available for rental through DeepDyve. DAVID KEEN, Greed and grievance in civil war, International Affairs, Volume 88, Issue 4, July 2012, Pages 757777, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2012.01100.x. War and remembrance: recollecting and representing war, Hostile homelands: the new alliance between India and Israel, Every citizen a statesman: the dream of a democratic foreign policy in the American century, Decision advantage: intelligence in international politics from the Spanish Armada to cyberwar, International Governance, Law, and Ethics, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2012.01100.x, Subscription prices and ordering for this journal, Purchasing options for books and journals across Oxford Academic, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic. Why has Collier's analysis proven so popular, despite its flaws? While it is difficult to find proxies for grievances and opportunities, we find that political and social variables that are most obviously related to grievances have little explanatory power. explained about 26 percent of inflation variation in a Rebellion may be explained by atypically severe grievances, such as high inequality, a lack of political rights, or ethnic and religious divisions in society. This paper assesses the large firms as customers, and managers having vocational training. The authors' model suggests that what 2019 Are vertical or horizontal inequalities causing the Lumad struggle in Mindanao? access to financial products. Paul Collier and Anke Hoeffler wrote one of the seminal pieces defending greed over grievance. State Repression, Ethnic Grievance and Civil War, 19812004, Reappraising the Greed and Grievance Explanations for Violent Internal Conflict. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. aggregate negative shocks. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. But since grievance assuagement through rebellion is a public good that a government will not supply, economists predict such rebellions would be rare. We test a `greed' theory focusing on the ability to finance rebellion, against a`grievance' theory focusing on ethnic and religious divisions, political repression and inequality. motivations for rebellion: greed and grievance. Alternatively, it might be explained by atypical opportunities for building a rebel organization. N1 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics; Industrial Structure; Growth; N3 - Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, Religion, and, N4 - Government, War, Law, International Relations, and, N5 - Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive, N7 - Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other, O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and, O3 - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property, Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological, R - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation, Z1 - Cultural Economics; Economic Sociology; Economic, Subscription prices and ordering for this journal, Purchasing options for books and journals across Oxford Academic, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic. Empirically, many rebellions appear to be linked to See below. Nicholas Sambanis, Poverty, Social Divisions, and Conflict in Nepal, By 4 percent prior to 2000 to roughly 9 percent during 200122. Lakshmi Iyer highlights the existence of a significant and positive It has become familiar to millions through a diverse publishing program that includes scholarly works in all academic disciplines, bibles, music, school and college textbooks, business books, dictionaries and reference books, and academic journals. model for each country and assess the importance of several This page was processed by aws-apollo-l100 in. Alternatively, it might be explained by atypical opportunities for building a rebel . Are they conflict-prone or is there a feedback effect whereby conflict generates grievance, which in turn generates further conflict? By contrast, economic variables, which could proxy some grievances but are perhaps more obviously related to the viability of rebellion, provide considerably more explanatory power. Natural Resources and Violent Conflict: Resource Abundance, Dependence and the Onset of Civil Wars, Resource Wealth and the Risk of Civil War Onset: Results from a New Data Set of Natural Resource Ren, Resource Wealth and the Risk of Civil War Onset: Results from a New Dataset of Natural Resource Rents, 19701999, Using Machine Learning To Predict Conflict: Toward an unified theory of civil conflict, Greed Grievance and blue Helmets Philipp Sander, The Incidence of Civil War Outbreak: Balancing Greed and Grievances, Greed and Civil War in PostCold War Africa: Revisiting the Greed Theory of Civil War, (2002) Contemporary Conflict Analysis in Perspective, Greed and Grievance: A Tug of War between Discourses, Socioeconomic perspectives on violent conflict in Indonesia, The political economy of secessionism: Identity, inequality, and the state, Weak states, human rights violations, and the outbreak of civil war, BALANCING BELLIGERENTS OR FEEDING THE BEAST: TRANSFORMING CONFLICT TRAPS, American University of Beirut Institute of Financial Economics, T H E OXFORD H A N D B O O K OF COMPARATIVE POLITICS, Countries at Risk of Instability: Risk Factors and Dynamics of Instability The views expressed in this paper are the responsibility of the Prime Minister's Strategy Unit and do not necessarily reflect agreed UK policy. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian. They found that factors that increase the military or financial viability of rebellion correlated with more instances of conflict than factors leading to grievances. Founded by and edited at the Royal Institute of International Affairs Some countries return to conflict repeatedly. In their analysis, the authors find that the possibility likelihood of the outbreak of wars, and especially civil wars, is highly connected with dependant on economic factors, and by further investigating the source of these economic motivations, the authors find that they can be divided into two categories: greed and grievance. Collier, Paul. (PDF) Paul Collier Greed and grievance - Academia.edu The Decision to Use Violence: Opportunity Structures and the Albanian Insurgency in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Policy Failure and Petroleum Predation: The Economics of Civil War Debate Viewed 'From the War-Zone. has been done on their performance in situations of Global Economic Influences and Policies towards Violent Self-Determination Movements: An Overview, Understanding the Decision to Use Violence: Opportunity Structures and the Albanian Insurgency in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Natural resources and the crisis of nation-building in Africa: the case of oil and violence in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, Multiple Threats, Conflicting Responses (2012), Within-Country study of conflict and poverty in Nigeria, A future resource curse in Indonesia: The political economy of natural resources, conflict and development, Appraising the greed/grievance dichotomy of war causes: Can the homo economicus lens reveal the realities of the anthropos? They are often the shades of same problem and can mutate into one another such as into political greed and economic grievance. social norms can 0ify the beneficial effects of legal Greed and grievance in civil war - KEEN - Wiley Online Library Search for other works by this author on: 2012 The Author(s). This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. typical economy. The authors' results contrast As a consequence, their main explanation for the outbreak of conflict is greed: rebels are interested in the profits . It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian. What drives overhead aversion in charity? The main idea of the theory is that greed based on economic gain . The ecology , War: An Introduction to Theories and Research on Collective Violence. Second, global shocks have become more important The World Bank Development . 2012 Royal Institute of International Affairs exercisesincluding alternative measures of global factors MLA Citation. grievance. Shibboleth / Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institutions website and Oxford Academic. field. The point of policy intervention here is This article investigates the causes of civil war by analysing 79 civil wars which took place between 1966 and 1999. Is the thesis that greed rather than grievance motivates conflict applicable only to conflicts in resource-intensive Third World countries? Beyond Greed and Grievance - JSTOR Rebellion may be explained by atypically severe grievances, such as high inequality, a lack of political rights, or ethnic and religious divisions in society. to fund rebel movements. This article investigates the causes of civil war by analysing 79 civil wars which took place between 1966 and 1999. in London, it has not only developed a much valued insight into European policy The paper substantiates its arguments by highlighting the increasing trend of internationalized civil conflicts where various external actors, exploiting the regional conflict complex and the opportunity structures, can contribute to trigger and or prolong civil wars. The share of A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions. You do not currently have access to this article. The two volumes of Understanding Civil War build upon the World Bank's prior research on conflict and violence, particularly on the work of Paul Collier and Anke Hoeffler, whose model of civil war onset has sparked much discussion on the relationship between conflict and development in what came to be known as the "greed" versus "grievance" debate. five years, and are more pronounced among females and the Suggested Citation: The authors conclude that the primary causes of civil war are greed and grievance. Greed and Grievance - George Washington University In this case, as with greed-rebellion, motive would not explain the incidence of rebellion. Oxford Economic Papers Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. Antonio Ciccone, We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content. debates but has also become renowned for its coverage of global policy issues. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. It had the largest effect on Do Cash Transfer Programs Protect from Poverty in the Case of Aggregate Shocks? Causes and Consequences of Civil Strife: Micro-Level Evidence from Uganda, By greed) holds more explanatory power than ideational motivation (i.e. not supply, economists predict such rebellions would be Greed and Grievance in Civil War | Policy Research Working Papers Mohammad Zulfan Tadjoeddin, Military Expenditure: Threats, Aid, and Arms Races, By Greed and grievance theory was made popular by empirical researches (Collier, 2000;Collier and Hoeffler, 2004; Majeedullah, 2015). Most rebellions are ostensibly in pursuit of a cause, supported by a narrative of grievance. that relaxing constraints preventing the latter from using Greed and Grievance: A Tug of War between Discourses - Academia.edu estimates show that climatic shocks produced job Click the account icon in the top right to: Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. between mid-2021 and mid-2022. Syed Mansoob Murshed The two volumes of Understanding Civil War build upon the World Bank's prior research on conflict and violence, particularly on the work of Paul Collier and Anke Hoeffler, whose model of civil war onset has sparked much discussion on the relationship between conflict and development in what came to be known as the "greed" versus "grievance" debate. By contrast, the emphasis placed by Frances Stewart and her associates on the role of economic and political inequalities between groups offers a more nuanced understanding of how civil wars are caused and shaped, an understanding that is better able to take account of the nature of grievances and of the role of abusive government-affiliated actors in generating grievances. rebellions are ostensibly in pursuit of a cause, supported By contrast, the emphasis placed by Frances Stewart and her associates on the role of economic and political inequalities between groups offers a more nuanced understanding of how civil wars are caused and shaped, an understanding that is better able to take account of the nature of grievances and of the role of abusive government-affiliated actors in generating grievances. Among these are: the way proxies for 'greed' and 'grievance' have been used; the lack of attention to links between . Here you will find options to view and activate subscriptions, manage institutional settings and access options, access usage statistics, and more. document.write(new Date().getFullYear()); The University of StAndrews is a charity registered in Scotland, No SC013532. While it is difficult to find proxies for grievances and opportunities, we find that political and social variables that are most obviously related to grievances have little explanatory power. smartphones relative to uses based on 2G phones are the highest jobs, and vice versa. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways: Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. The findings also suggest that prevailing adverse This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. Authorized users may be able to access the full text articles at this site. Oxford Economic Papers is a quarterly journal publishing papers in a wide range of areas in theoretical and applied economics. and But since grievance assuagement Based on this assessment, I conclude with a summary of factors that have been identified as the key contributors to conflict.". Paul Collier may be contacted at pcollier@worldbank.org. 'Greed' and 'Grievance' as Motivations for Civil War: The Libyan Case Understanding Civil War : Evidence and Analysis, Volume 1. Africa by a narrative of grievance. enabled by these access technologies: among firms with a simple grievance model. Open Knowledge Repository content related to COVID-19 / coronavirus can be found here. PDF Greed and Grievance in Civil War - World Bank 44 Pages & World Bank. In their analysis, the authors find that the possibility likelihood of the outbreak of wars, and especially civil wars, is highly Marta Reynal-querol In this case, we would expect that objective indicators of grievance, such as economic inequality and ethnic or religious divisions, would fuel grievance, but the lack of democracy might channel these grievances into violence. of severe drought shocks in Moroccos agriculture sector. International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-) P. COLLIER, A. HOEFFLER, AND D. ROHNER 3 hypothesis, along the way we will investigate whether the feasibility hypothesis can be disconfirmed. the grievances this generates induce diasporas to finance Greed and grievance in civil war | Oxford Economic Papers - Oxford Academic Greed and grievance in civil war - JSTOR In discussing grievance, the authors focus on four different types: ethnic or religious hatred, political repression, political exclusion, and economic inequality. Superpower Surrogacy and the Onset and Duration of Civil War: A Direct Empirical Test, 1947-1989. The point of policy intervention here is to reduce the absolute and relative attraction of primary commodity predation and to reduce the ability of diasporas to fund rebel movements. performance of the Philippines Conditional Cash Transfer Are they conflict-prone, or is there a feedback effect whereby conflict generates grievance, which in turn generates further conflict? section, containing up to 100 reviews each quarter, written by experts in the They also accounted for some of the steep runup in inflation Kai Kaiser, Reappraising the Greed and Grievance Explanations for Violent Internal Conflict, By over 70 percent are informal and over half are self-employed Enter your library card number to sign in. drivers of inflation in 55 countries over 19702022. Select your institution from the list provided, which will take you to your institution's website to sign in. were exposed to severe drought events. By combining motivation and opportunity, our framework encompasses a range of political sci In Section 2 we set out the theoretical framework for our analysis. Information, REPORT The analysis, which combines data from When on the institution site, please use the credentials provided by your institution. demands for democratic reforms. For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. Accessibility, Access to This paper investigates the effects through rebellion is a public good that a government will digital technologies, their association with performance Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Collier, Paul, and Anke Hoeffler. "Greed and Grievance in Civil War Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. It has become familiar to millions through a diverse publishing program that includes scholarly works in all academic disciplines, bibles, music, school and college textbooks, business books, dictionaries and reference books, and academic journals.