Counseling and psychotherapy researchers have conceptualized and evaluated treatment approaches that may be applicable to many clients who present with common problems such as depression and anxiety. Another integrative approach focuses on proposed common stages of change in therapy. Clients say good-bye in different ways. . . 74 CHAPTER 6 Steenbarger, B. N. (1994). ), Essential psychotherapies (pp. ), Psychotherapy for women (pp. Jordan and Niemeyer suggested that these findings might be explained by three factors: (a) Grief is normally self-limiting, that is, most mourners can work through losses with the help of family and friends; (b) the type of brief grief counseling delivered in research studies is too weak to be effective; and (c) methodological problems, such as inappropriate measures used to measure outcome, may have prevented researchers from detecting larger counseling effects. Assessing and treating culturally diverse clients (3rd ed.). These clients lack what Bandura (1977, 1997) calls self-efficacy, a belief that one can perform a behavior that leads to a desired outcome. CLIENT: I know. (contact!) Developing a therapeutic relationship, that is, an emotionally engaged alliance between counselor and client. COUNSELOR: Your vocational test results indicate that you should be a salesperson. Making feminist therapy: A practice survey. He received a 2 A.M. phone call at home from the emergency room nurse, who anxiously informed him that the emergency room doctor wanted him to come to the hospital immediately. To control costs, companies have employed a multitude of methods, including limiting the number of sessions, restricting who may provide services, delaying payment for sessions by weeks and months, and continually pressing for or imposing lower fees (Kessler, 1998). (2006). Proponents of a common factors approach point to the findings of psychotherapy outcome studies that indicate that all approaches have approximately equal effects (for example, M. Smith & Glass, 1977; Wampold et al., 1997). Empirically supported psychological therapies. I went down to the corner market and bought something to eat so my stomach wouldnt hurt so much. Consequently, therapists should exercise caution during client silences so as not to prematurely interrupt this useful processing. Frank and Frank (1991) suggest that the benefits of counseling derive not simply from specific techniques associated with different schools, but from elements common to all therapeutic approaches. Synchrony and desynchrony in fear and avoidance. CLIENT: Sort ofhe keeps asking me about it and I just want to be able to tell him something. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. These clients follow the volcano theory of emotion: They express no affect until their feelings build up and explode. Family therapy: Concepts and methods (8th ed.). 4/12/13 1:25 PM CLIENT: Gee . Recent developments in cognitive approaches to counseling and psychotherapy. COUNSELOR: Well . Strategies for preparing clients for treatment: A review. Effects of solution focused therapys Formula First Session Task on compliance and outcome in family therapy. Haley, J. Research examining the effects of the number of counseling sessions on outcome has provided no clear consensus. Ellis, A. Self-defining memories, narrative identity, and psychotherapy: A conceptual model, empirical investigation, and case report. Questions keep the counselor in sole control of counseling and may inappropriately lead clients. E FRcpcH FRcp, MB, chB, Peter D. Turnpenny, BSc, Consuttaht Ctinicat Geneticist RoyalDevonandExet, 1111 2 3 4 5111 6 7 8 9 1011 1 2 3111 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5111 6 7 8 9 30111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40111 1 2 3 44 4511, K13301_FM.indd 1 In F. M. Dattilio (Ed. The counselor explained, in essence, that it was the clients job to talk and that it was the current task of counseling to explore feelings. COUNSELOR: Moving out would signify a real step toward independence for you. Counselor-client conversations are therapeutic in intent, aimed at helping the client change, and progressive in nature. Frequently, counselors work with clients to design homework to test the rationality of their beliefs. May, R. (1995). (1991). CLIENT: Bad. The counseling process involves two members- the counselor/therapist and the client. Two attempts to integrate research into practice center on empirically validated or supported treatments (EVTs or ESTs) and treatment manuals. Similarly, counselors should determine what clients mean when they use words like must and should. Maintenance, when a client attempts to continue the changes made. Journal of Counseling and Development, 67, 345349. CLIENT: Yes . (1997). but we havent spoken at all about dying. With extreme resistance, the counselor returns to pacing the client by decreasing the emotional intensity of the session or by changing the topic (Brammer & Shostrom, 1989). Clients feelings about their counselors are generally referred to as transference. Shertzer, B., & Stone, S. (1980). joh2417X_chfm_i-xxvi.indd i Client issues may also appear or reappear during the termination process. (2007). 11 WHEN IN DOUBT, FOCUS ON FEELINGS No matter what their theoretical orientation, counselors often focus on the feelings of clients (Merten, Anstadt, Ullrich, Krause, & Buchheim, 1996; B. Pope, 1979; Walborn, 1996). New York: Allyn & Bacon. HIPAA also requires that electronically transmitted client information be encrypted to ensure privacy. (1993). Elements of Modern Algeb, 13t* EDITION Smith, M., & Glass, G. (1977). Garner, J. D., & Enns, C., & (2004). . The family crucible. . Perls, F. (1992). 5. Goldfried, M. R. (1983). . Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 25, 247258. This may increase some clients willingness to attend future meetings following a no-show. Pre-training attributes. New York: Norton. . CLIENT: Ive always gotten my way. Other studies indicate that writing about trauma can reduce the number of physician visits, improve physical health, improve academic grades, and increase reemployment rates among those who have lost jobs (Pennebaker et al., 2003). Psychological health and involvement in interpersonally demanding occupations: A longitudinal perspective. Crisis intervention provides important experience for beginning counselors. 300304). These counselor characteristics aid the development of the therapeutic alliance, an important contributor to positive client outcomes (Lambert & Bergin, 1994). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 2. Minuchin, S. (1974). The client believed that her friends had in fact abandoned her when she became depressed, but thought such a response would not satisfy the therapists question. Most people, including some mental health professionals, lack a basic understanding of these phenomena and how they can impact the grieving individual as well as their families, friends, and coworkers (T. Frantz & J. Lawrence, personal communication, October 21, 2008). COUNSELOR: I know what you mean. Fortner, B. V. (1999). Early identification of treatment failures in shortterm psychotherapy: An assessment of therapeutic alliance and interpersonal behavior. Christensen, A., & Jacobson, N. S. (1994). Im your counselor. Mash, E. J., & Hunsley, J. The closed question provided no pertinent information. What does seem common across its different forms is that BT counselors plan sessions more than other counselors and are more active and directive. (For example, round 7 would indicate further progress than round 3.) In addition, for some client problems you may also be able to provide an estimate of the likely length and potential effectiveness of counseling (Beutler & Harwood, 2000). . Slovenko, R. (1988). Computerized record-keeping systems are available and also must have restricted access. The process of narrative therapy can be difficult to describe because it can vary considerably by client and counselor. CLIENT: So which one of these careers on the computer list should I choose? But I always thought I loved him! Fischer and associates suggest that with clients of color, counselors apply what they know about counseling in a culturally sensitive manner. Practicing feminist ethics in psychology. The evolution of psychotherapy: The third conference. IMPORTANT TOPICS 51 Thus, our initial guess about how to help Robin involves a family systems approach. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole. Kopta and et al.s analyses classified the items into three categories: (a) acute (quick response to treatment), (b) chronic distress (moderate response rate), and (c) characterological (slow response rate). CLIENT: You know, if my husband would just complete the separation process with his family, we wouldnt argue so much. Heppner, P. P., Kivlighan, D. M., Jr., & Wampold, B. E. (1999). Psychiatry, 47, 6676. 16 AVOID RELYING ON QUESTIONS Faced with their first real or role-play clients, new counselors may simply ask questions. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole. Im starting to get very upset. ), Handbook of counseling psychology (pp. New York: Bantam. Stricker, G., & Gold, J. R. (2001). Psychotherapy, 33, 275283. What is Counselling ? Definition, Types & Process - Edumilestones Blog How about asking one question in each of your classes and seeing how people respond? COUNSELOR: As you spoke about your father, I felt sad. Person-centered counselors A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO INTERVENTION 65 tend to see their clients positively (since all people are assumed to be striving for self-actualization) and to respond to clients with warmth, support, unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy. The effectiveness of peer counseling (Varenhorst, 1984), group counseling (Yalom & Leszcz, 2005), and paraprofessional counseling (Christensen & Jacobson, 1994) may be partially due to the pacing that naturally occurs in such homogeneous settings. Pope, B. Are there feelings that you avoid, that you will steer your clients away from? New York: Springer. To ensure a connection between a client and a new agency, for example, the counselor must first address any fears or misconceptions the client holds about the agency. Note that when Robin gets in trouble at school, several events occur that differ in their attractiveness to Robin. As a counselor, will you again rescue? Petrocelli, J. V. (2002). CLIENT: Yes. Goodman, P., Perls, F., & Hefferline, R. (1994). In A. E. Bergin & S. L. Garfield (Eds.