In his words here, there is no article before either "grace" or "knowledge" in the Greek, and so various ways of translating the verse have been suggested -. You can respond to your friend that the preponderance of the evidence puts 2 Peter in the first century and that it is likely liberal bias rather than the evidencewhich attempts to move it into the second century. (1996). Jn 6:31, forefathers; Ac 3:13; Heb 1:1). Peter encouraged his readers to apply themselves to acquiring the true knowledge of God and living out the life of faith with all diligence, so that they may be found by [Jesus] in peace, spotless and blameless (1:5; 3:14). . Who were John's epistles written to? And account that the long-suffering of our Lord is salvation; even as our beloved brother Paul also according to the wisdom given to him has written to you; account. Brown, Raymond E., Introduction to the New Testament, Anchor Bible, 1997. The revelation is found in a two-part source (3:2). 2, pp. Davids, P. H. (2004). [114] False teachers are accused of "denying the Lord who bought them" and promoting licentiousness (2:12). 1:1), B. 9 Origen is usually the pivotal Church Father in this discussion because reviews of the evidence usually begin with the statement that the Epistle was not certainly known until his time and the authenticity becomes immediately suspect, especially as he also mentions doubts held by some about it (Guthrie, NTI, 815). 78, No. Even if we did, the exact date cannot be known. marking such difficulties as a sign of the last days (3:3). Here in 2Peter 1:12-21, the apostle gives his reasons for writing. Therefore, Peter seeks to remind his readers of the apostolic tradition (1:13) and to warning them about coming heretics (2:1-3) whose error is a sing of the last days (3:1ff). The Use of Second Temple Traditions in 1 and 2 Peter and Jude, in Jacques Schlosser, ed. but grow in the grace and knowledge of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ (2 Peter 3:1718). Kstenberger, Kellum, Quarles, 2012. [79] Before Origen's time, the evidence is inconclusive;[80] there is a lack of definite early quotations from the letter in the writings of the Apostolic Fathers, though possible use or influence has been located in the works of Clement of Alexandria (d. c. 211), Theophilius (d. c. 183), Aristides (d. c. 134), Polycarp (d. 155), and Justin (d. redirects here. If it had been a false teacher, what was his motivation? "[78] The earliest record of doubts concerning the authorship of the letter were recorded by Origen (c. 185254), though Origen mentioned no explanation for the doubts, nor did he give any indication concerning the extent or location. C. Detlef G. Mller (1992). [50] the earliest reference to a Pauline collection is probably found in Ignatius of Antioch 108 AD. In short the author is concerned to encourage his addressees to behave ethically without reproach (1:57; 3:1214), probably because of the impending parousia Second Coming, which will come like a thief in the night (3:10; 1 Thess 5:2). They are "spots and stains, delighting in their dissipation" with "eyes full of adultery, insatiable for sin hearts trained in covetousness" (2:1314). Related Topics: Introductions, Arguments, Outlines, Malick received a Masters of Theology in Bible Exposition, with honors, from Dallas Theological Seminary in 1984. The crux of the matter is how these differences are explained. New Century Bible Commentary. Jesus had a brother named Jude (Mark 6:3; Matthew 13:55). J.A.T. In 2 Peter 3:1, the author reflected that this is the second letter I am writing to you.. The book of 2 Peter shows believers that they should live as if Christ were going to return __________. 3. There are conspicuous similarities between 2 Peter and Jude (compare 2Pe 2 with Jude 418), but there are also significant differences. After all, the book does not seem to have any distinctive views that would require presentation under an assumed name (Ibid., 261). [e], The author of 2 Peter had a relationship with the Gospel tradition, mainly in the Transfiguration of Jesus, 1:4 with Mark 9:1; 1:11 with Mark 9:1; 1:16,18 with Mark 9:2-10; 1:17 with Matthew 17:5; 1:19 with Mark 9:4;[105] and in the promise of the Second Coming, 3:10b with Mark 13:31 or Luke 21:33. Gilmour, Michael. Use of the letter of Jude by the Second Letter of Peter. 20 Blum writes, The collecting of Pauls letters would have begun as soon as a church or some influential person recognized their value. A. Paulsen, H. (1992). One can place the most emphasis upon the rejection of the early church. The Book of Jude was written somewhere between A.D. 60 and 80. p. 144. Grand Rapids: Zondervan. "Ethics and Pseudepigraphy Do the Ends Always Justify the Means?" Its author, like the author of the Gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles, is familiar with literary conventions, writing in a more elevated Koine Greek than, for example, Paul's writings or the Gospel of Mark. Epitres de Saint Pierre. But he breaks off and sends a shorter, hurried letter in his own name (Jude). He uses the first person singular pronoun in a highly personal passage (1:1215) and claims to be an eyewitness of the transfiguration (1:1618 [see note on 1:16]; cf. 3 (Sep., 1988), pp. 30 Peter is the epitome of apostolic authority as the servant and apostle of Jesus Christ who was at the mount of transfiguration (1:17) and received a revelation from Christ about his own personal death (1:14; cf. 11:2; 15:3) and the emphasis upon good works is part of the earliest NT epistle written (James), a. So what would have prompted another letter to the same group so soon after the first? 6 Blum notes, Because of the letters brevity, governmental persecutions of the early churches, and communication problems in the ancient world, the lack of a long tradition for 2 Peter is hardly surprising. Now if you read Jude alongside 2 Peter 2 you will see immediately that there is a very close connection. Were on a mission to change that. Differences affirm individual emphases: a. Here is the last of my three posts digging down deeper into the question of whether Peter would have, or could have, written the books we now call 1 and 2 Peter, composed in highly literate Greek by someone skilled in Greek composition. [56][57][58] Bauckham also notes that "the Greek style of Second Peter is not to the taste of many modern readers, at times pretentiously elaborate, with an effort at pompous phrasing, a somewhat artificial piece of rhetoric, and 'slimy Greek'", contrary to the style of the first epistle, "2 Peter must relate to the 'Asiatic Greek'. pp. Who wrote 1 and 2 Peter? - Answers Lets take the time to guard our minds with the proper knowledge of God so that we may not drift off from the path that God has laid out for us. 7 Second Peter 3:8 is used in Pseudo-Barnabas 15:4. [123] This juxtaposition of prophet and apostle as a two-part revelatory source is not first found in 3:12, but in 1:1621. It is possible that a document like this did exist in the early church as a catechetical tract on false teaching27, b. The book claims to Petrine authorship (1:1; 14 16-18; 3:1, 15)21, b. Osburn, D. Carroll. Your browser does not support JavaScript. 237. (2008). But it holds true within the church as well. 1 and 2 Peter and Jude Bible Test Flashcards | Quizlet 10710. 2 Peter The Second Letter of Peter is principally concerned with the Second Coming of Christ. Peter wanted to encourage his people to stand firm and to instruct them on how best to do that. Epistles of Peter and of Jude, The (Black's New Testament Commentary). BBR 8. Helmut Koester, 1982,Introduction to the New Testament, Vol. Duane F. Watson, Terrance D. Callan. Many in the battle against lust try to shut off the imagination, but what if God means for you to win the battle through imagination. The ethical goal is not to fall that debauchery, errors and to have hope, this is promoted with many stories of how God rescues the righteous while holding back the unrighteous for the day of judgment, the story of Noah, the story of Lot in Sodom and Gomorrah (2:68) and the story Balaam, son of Bosor (2:1516) are used as a warning. What two key themes are found in 2 Peter? In 2 Peter 1:2, he said -. I connect myself, my husband, my children and my siblings to the altar of Zion ministry for protection, victory, favour, healing good health long life and prosperity Amen. Cited or alluded to by Clement of Rome (c. 95-96)8, c. Named as disputed by Origen (c. 185-254)9, d. Named as authentic by Cyril of Jerusalem (c. 315-86), e. Named as disputed by Eusebius (c. 325-40)10, f. Named as authentic by Jerome (c. 340-420)11, g. Named as authentic by Augustine (c. 400), a. In fact, this concept was so important to him that the word knowledge appearsin one form or anothersome fifteen times in the span of this short, three-chapter letter. NIVAC. pp. (1994). If so, then the tremendous similarity between 2 Peter and Jude may be explained by some sort of collaboration. Treasury of Scripture. (2010). Believers can create dissension in multiple ways, particularly in the areas of relationships and theology. For 33 years, he served as pastor of Bethlehem Baptist Church, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Sermons in Merced by Dr. John Oakes Repent, Return, Restore, Rebuild IV Zechariah, Romans Class for the West Coast School of Ministry. Nor do we know whether Peter has help in writing his letter. 2 Peter 3:113. a. pp. What is 2 Peter about? 34. And if believers did not follow his advice, they would be giving their Christian community over to the heretics, people who look to exploit . 1 Sources employed in this study are: Louis A. Barbieri, First and Second Peter, Everymans Bible Commentary (Chicago: Moody Press, 1977), Richard J. Bauckham, Jude, 2 Peter, Word Biblical Commentary, vol. Pp. 62038. 26 The present tense is used to describe false teachers in 2 Peter 2:10,17,18; 3:5. John Piper is founder and teacher of desiringGod.org and chancellor of Bethlehem College & Seminary. 24-25. What is the outline of 2 Peter? I have heard some doubt about this. Some books, such as1 Thessalonians Galatians or 1 Corinthians, we have a pretty solid date for because of the historical context, but others, such as Mark and John have a wider range of writing dates which even conservative scholars kick around. If 2 Peter 3:1 (this second epistle) alludes to 1 Peter, the audience of the epistle is the various Churches in Asia Minor in general (see 1 Peter 1:1). [121][122] Then the author mentions the second source of revelation, the "commandment of the Lord" spoken by "your apostles." 2023 Insight for Living Ministries. 2 Peter Flashcards | Quizlet The passages therein which lent themselves to false interpretations were undoubtedly those concerning the second Coming of the Lord (1 Thess. And Jude may have left another signature in 2 Peter. 1791. Book of Second Peter Overview - Insight for Living Ministries 350, and even after that Jerome reported that many rejected it because it . Harrington, D. J. 18283. Callan. "In this passage is found the first mention of a collection of Paul's Letters considered an integral part of the canonical Scriptures. . Bauckham, RJ (1983), Word Bible Commentary, Vol. The Nag Hammati Gnostic Texts and the Bible. The churches of Asia Minor were not just struggling with the persecution and suffering addressed in Peters first letter; they also had strife and dissension within their ranks. by the ancient presbyters (cf. This means that the book was written in or before AD 68. Sage Publications (UK). 172. 1:1215), after he had written a prior letter (3:1) to the same readers (probably 1 Peter). Michael J. Gilmour, on the other hand, disputes the identification of the allusion. The chapters of this epistle show a triangular relationship between Christology (chapter 1), ethics (chapter 2) and eschatology (chapter 3). For example, some argue that the reference to Pauls letters in 3:1516 indicates an advanced date for this bookbeyond Peters lifetime. In it (verse 3) he says, Beloved, while I was making every effort to write you about our common salvation, I felt the necessity to write to you appealing that you contend earnestly for the faith. The first italicized words would refer to 2 Peter (cf. View Chuck Swindoll's chart of Second Peter, which divides the book into major sections and highlights themes and key verses. pp. a. 2:11; Jude 9]). [107][108], Tartarus is mentioned in 2 Peter 2:4 as devoted to the holding of certain fallen angels. As with the recipients of Peters letter, we all go through difficult times. 213. Peter is writing to believing Jews who are dispersed in other countries. Les Epitres Catholiques. Second Epistle of Peter - Wikipedia Jude and 2 Peter. Baker Academic. [3][69][70][71][34][48] Reasons for this include its linguistic differences from 1 Peter, its apparent use of Jude, possible allusions to 2nd-century gnosticism, encouragement in the wake of a delayed parousia, and weak external support.[72]. [100][101][102], The epistle presciently declares that it is written shortly before the apostle's death (1:14), an assertion that may not have been part of the original text. In grace and in knowledge. My professor says I,II Timothy, Titus and 1 Peter were written in the second century. Please contact us or click here to learn more about how to enable JavaScript on your browser. Hardly a good man! (2012). Mt 17:15). Journal of Biblical Literature Vol. The Code and the Early Collection of Paul's Letters. 50, Jude-2 Peter, Waco. The Jewish World Around the New Testament. [115] As a solution 2 Peter proposes in the following chapter tools such as penance, aimed at purging sins, and the re-actualisation of the eschatological hope, to be expected with attention, service and perseverance. Paul probably wrote both at about the same time and wanted to say much the same to two different communities. "Second Epistle of Peter", in Anchor Bible Dictionary 5. pp. The book of 2 Peter shows believers that they should live as if Christ were going to return __________. Of course, this raises difficult questions about the precise medium (oral or written) by which the public received this apostolic teaching. Bauckham, R. J. How old is the earth, both from a scientific and a Christian point of view>. Just as today a high government official uses a speech writer, though the final product is the officials responsibility, so 2 Peter may have been drafted by an amanuensis (Blum, 2 Peter, EBC, 12: 259). Is 2 Peter Peter's? | Bible.org Peter addressed this epistle to Church members "scattered throughout Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and Bithynia"the five Roman provinces in Asia Minor, located in modern-day Turkey ( 1 Peter 1:1 ). Named as disputed by council of Nicea (c. 325-40), b. Jude 6 however, is a clear reference to the Book of Enoch. 113. 1 Cor. When was 2 Peter written? Bottom line, you will have to accept at least some ambiguity on the evidence for 2 Peter. In this respect the occasion of 2 Peter differs from that of Jude, where the author is obliged to deal with the situation which has already arisen (Guthrie, NTI, 850). In the end our confidence in the truth of the letter does not rest on the uncertain hypotheses about authorship, but on the power of its message to change us and its coherence with other apostolic teaching. pp. to break apart, to lose what makes it distinctive in the first placefaith in the unique person and work of Jesus Christ. 4. Other objections arise from a secular reconstruction of early Christian history or misunderstandings or misconstructions of the available data. For example: Ksemann states that 2 Peter is "perhaps the most dubious writing" in the New Testament. This is not generally held to for the following reasons: 1) The similarities are considered to be too close to be accounted for in this way, 2) The situation of both letters seems to be too concrete for such an explanation, b. As a general statement, the books of the New Testament were accepted by the 2nd century church because of a consensus that they had apostolic authority. Listen to Chuck Swindolls overview of Second Peter in his audio message from the Classic series Gods Masterwork. He wrote from "Babylon" (1 Peter 5:13), probably a symbolic reference to Rome. The vocabulary and style in 2 Peter are very different from 1 Peter but are very similar to Jude. The original text was written in Koine Greek. 2 Peter 3:2 by recalling what was foretold by the holy prophets and commanded by our Lord and Savior through your apostles. If 2 Peter 3:1 refers to 1 Peter, than this letter was also written to those in Northern Asian Minor (Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and Bithynia, C. If 2 Peter 3:1 refers to a lost letter of Peter, this it is not possible to identify the destination of 2 Peter, A. "The Promise of His Appearing: An Exposition of Second Peter". However, the early church fathers found no good reason to reject it. All rights reserved. Moo, D. J. These percentages do not compare badlywith those for 1 and 2 Corinthians: of the words used in 1 Corinthians, 40.4 percent are commonto 1 and 2 Corinthians, 59.6 percent are peculiar to 1 Corinthians; of the words used in 2Corinthians, 49.3 percent are common to 1 and 2 Corinthians, 50.7 percent are peculiar to 2Corinthians.. 1 Harris says, "virtually none believe that 2 Peter was written by Jesus' chief disciple." 2 And Brevard S. Childs, an excellent rhetorical critic, shows his assumption when he says, "even among scholars who recognize the non-Petrine authorship t. Libro del Pueblo de Dios. 335. Vogtle, A. Eerdmans Publishing Co. Grand Rapids-Michigan. John Reumann (1991). C. The letter seems to have been written shortly before Peters death (2 Peter 1:12-15) or AD 64-68. Spicq, C. (1966). In the Western church (unlike Jude) [2 Peter] was either unknown or ignored until ca. "The Second Epistle of Peter and The Epistle of Jude: An Introduction and Commentary", Leithart, Peter J, 2004. today. In recent centuries, however, its genuineness has been challenged by a considerable number of interpreters. J. The Relationship between 2 Peter and Jude: A Classical Problem Resolved?. The Second Epistle of Peter[a] is a book of the New Testament of the Bible. Site design and hosting by Whistlepig Softworks, LLC, I have recently heard that many scholars believe 2 Peter is. in The Catholic Epistles and the Tradition, ed. Baker Academic, pp. Kasemann, Ernst (1982). Also we see that the two epistles attributed to Saint Peter have different styles and turn phrases differently, by which it is discerned that it was sometimes necessary for him to use different interpreters. 2 Peter 3:15 - Bible Hub "Grace and peace be multiplied to you in the knowledge of God and of Jesus our Lord.". The authorship of the Petrine epistles ( First and Second Peter) is an important question in biblical criticism, parallel to that of the authorship of the Pauline epistles, since scholars have long sought to determine who were the exact authors of the New Testament letters. The Options are for priority can be argued with some convincing evidence in each direction, but they are not determinative: a. Jude is Prior: While there are several arguments24, the stronger ones are as follows: 1) Jude is shorter than 2 Peter so it may have preceded 2 Peter which was an enlargement of Jude (strong), 2) Jude approaches the problem of false teachers with greater spontaneity than 2 Peter which adds an introduction to the problem and does not seem to know the issue first hand (note the tenses of verbs; [not as strong]), 3) Jude is harsher than 2 Peter who may have toned down his offensive (weak), 4) Jude uses apocryphal books and 2 Peter does not (perhaps because he has excluded the references because of their unorthodox character [cf. The Authorship of Second Peter | Bible.org Your response? ", The fundamental of this chapter is the authoritative Christian revelation. First Epistle of Peter - Wikipedia Bauckham 1983, 144. Concordia Commentary. . at. Although 2 Peter was not as widely known and recognized in the early church as 1 Peter, some may have used and accepted it as authoritative as early as the second century and perhaps even in the latter part of the first century (1 Clement [a.d. 95] may allude to it). The second italicized words would refer to Jude. Then after Jude is quickly dispatched, Jude completes 2 Peter for the apostle, and uses in 2 Peter 2 most of what he had sent in Jude. Jude was not impersonating Peter, for that was not tolerated in the earliest church (2 Thessalonians 2:12; 3:17). Book of 2 Peter - Read, Study Bible Verses Online All of our resources exist to guide you toward everlasting joy in Jesus Christ. In summary, 1 Peter and 2 Peter were written by two different, anonymous authors probably quite separated in time. The sufficiency of the knowledge of God 3. 147. "Two Blunt Apologists for Early Christianity: Jude and 2 Peter"; Thomas R. Schreiner, 2003, 1, 2 Peter, Jude, NAC, Nashville. 8 Second Peter 2:6-9 is quoted in 1 Corinthians 11:1 by Clement of Rome. The paraenetic traditions are in Sirach 16:710, Damascus Document 2:173:12, 3 Maccabees 2:47, Testament of Naphtali 3:45 and Mishna Sanhedrin 10:3.[109]. Chaine, J. (Confirming One's Calling and Election. 5:27) would have facilitated the collection of his letters. D. Internal Evidence: Although not without problems, the internal evidence seems to best support the Apostle Peter as the author of 2 Peter. 237. 107, No. Der Judasbrief/Der 2. 524. 2 Peter 3:3)25, 2) The use of the future tense in 2 Peter to discuss the false teachers and the present tense in Jude suggests the priority of 2 Peter in that Jude experienced what Peter foresaw, but Peter did not always use the future tense26, 3) Judes borrowing from Peter (an apostle) is more understandable than for Peter to be borrowing from Jude (weak). 19 Blum writes, He lived about five miles from the region of the Greek league of ten cities known as Decapolis. In 2003, he earned his Juris Doctorate, magna cum laude, from Capital University Law School, where he received the Order of the Curia. (21) For the prophecy came not in old time.--Rather, For prophecy was never sent, or brought. Bulletin for Biblical Research 21.1: pp. Pauls instruction about exchanging letters (cf. To download videos: Login or Join. 2. It was not ascribed to Peter until Origens time (185253), and he seems to reflect some doubt concerning it. Who Wrote 2 Peter? (2019). About 2 Peter At the beginning of chapter 1, the author calls himself "Simeon Peter" (see Acts 15:14). If there is borrowing, it is not a slavish borrowing but one that adapts to suit the writers purpose. (1943). Duane F. Watson, Terranee Callan, and Dennis Farkasfalvy identify the allusion to 1 Thessalonians. No such statement is made concerning 2 Peter, which may explain its noticeable difference in style (see Introduction to 1 Peter: Author and Date). [111] Through the memory of Peter (1:1215), the author encourages the addressees to lead holy and godly lives (11b); in verse 13 the author speaks of righteousness (being just) in a moral sense and in verse 14 his line of argument reaches a climax as the addressees are encouraged to do all they can to be found blameless (1 Thess 5:23). Baker Books. Question: I have recently heard that many scholars believe 2 Peter is pseudepigraphical and was written around 100-150AD. Most biblical scholars have concluded Peter is not the author, considering the epistle pseudepigraphical. 1.17). First and Second Peter. Summary of the Book of Jude - Bible Survey | GotQuestions.org What we can say is that it is reasonable to conclude it was written AD 68 or earlier by the apostle Peter, but the honest view on this is that this is not proved. [51][52], Another debate internal is about its linguistic complexity and about its relationship with 1 Peter, For the scholar Bart D. Ehrman, the historical Peter could not write any works, either because he was "unlettered" Acts 4:13 or because he was a fisherman from Capernaum, a comparatively small and probably monolingual town, in a time and province where there was little literacy.